Afield experiment was conducted during 2005-06 and 2006-07 on clay loam soil to assess the effect of integrated nutrient management practices (NM) on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) The experiment consists of eleven treatments viz., TI-100% recommended dose offertilizer (RDF) i.e. 120 : 26.4 : 50 N : P : K kg ha-', E- 100% RDF+Vermicompost @ It ha-', E-100% RDF+Vermicompost @ It ha-' + Phosphate Solubilizing bacteria (PSB), TcIOO% RDF + PSB, TI-75% RDF + vermicompost @ It ha.', Tg75% RDF + vermicompost @ It ha.' + PSB, T7-50% RDF+Vermicompost @ It ha.', Tg50% RDF+Vermicompost @ It ha.' + PSB, Tr Vermicompost @ It ha" + PSB, T~~Vermicompost @ It ha.' and TI'-absolute controLThe results revealed that the application of 100% recommended dose of fertilizers (RDF) i.e. 120:26:4:50 N:P:K kg ha-'+ vermicompost @Itha-' + phosphate solubilizing bacteria (PSB) and 75% RDF + vermicompost @Itha-'+ PSBproduced higher yield attributes and grain yield than the other treatments. The higher yield led to higher NPK uptake by wheat. Further, the available NPK content of soil also increased in above NM treatment over control. The highest benefit : cost ratio (2.73) was obtainedfiom the application of 75% RDF + vermicompost @1thd1+ PSB.

https://www.cropandweed.com/vol7issue2/pdf/4.pdf

Effect of integrated nutrient management on growth and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.).

Weeds are the major deterrent to the development of sustainable crop production. Since weeds dictate most of the crop production practices and causes enormous losses (37 per cent) due to their interference. Farmers follow several practices for managing weeds in different crops/cropping systems, of which at present the use of herbicides are on the top due to the scarcity of labors. The sustainability of these systems is being questioned because of environmental, social, and economic concerns caused by global competition, production cost, soil erosion, environmental pollution, and concern over the quality of rural life. Enhancing the crop competitiveness through preventive methods, cultural practices, mechanical methods, plant breeding, biotechnology, biological control and crop diversification will be the central thesis in new paradigms of weed management. Integration of above techniques will be key to sustainable weed management that maintain or enhance the crop productivity, profitability and environmental quality. This article explores the scope of sustainable weed management, growing concerns over herbicide resistance, environmental and health hazards of pesticides including herbicides and declining profitability are the major challenges of ‘high input’ agriculture. The goal of this review is to facilitate the development of ecologically based alternative methods for sustainable weed management that will support crop production systems, which require less tillage, herbicide and other inputs. To accomplish this goal, research efforts must be radically expanded in crop ecology and in the development of ecologically based technologies for weed management. Adoption of sustainable agricultural practices reduces the intensity of soil manipulation thereby creates an unfavorable condition for weed seed germination, reduces the organic matter depletion and soil erosion. Thus, the sustainable approaches could be an option for weed and soil management which leads to sustainable crop production.

A review of weed management in india: the need of new directions for sustainable agriculture

The field experiment was conducted at Birsa Agricultural University during 2010-11 and 2011-12 with objective to evaluate the performance of wheat varieties under different sowing dates. The experiment comprised of two dates of sowing i.e. 25th November and 20th December with five wheat varieties namely Raj 4229, K 0906, K 0307, HD 2733 and DBW 39. The experiment was laid out in split plot design replicated four times. The soil of experimental plot was sandy loam in texture having low nitrogen (252.4 Kg ha-1), phosphorous (12.1 Kg ha- 1) and medium in potassium (155.6 Kg ha-1) with soil pH 6.1. Sowing of wheat on 25th November resulted in expressing significantly more total tillers (420 tillers m2), higher dry matter accumulation (1190 g m-2), higher crop growth rate (19.30 g m-2 /day) at maturity, and leaf area index (3.60) resulted in 14.7 per cent higher spike m-2 (400 spikes m-2), 26.43 per cent higher spike length (10.40 cm), 15.15 per cent higher number of grain per spike (39 grains/spike), 45.20 per cent higher grain yield (51.00 q ha-1). Wheat sown on 25th November achieves higher net return of ` 37400 with benefit: cost ratio of 1.34 which is 88.70 per cent higher than 20th December sown wheat. Among wheat varieties K 0307 proved superiority in total tillers (492 m-2), dry matter accumulation (1120.60 g m-2), grain yield (45.40 q ha-1), net return (` 31090 ha-1) and benefit: cost ratio (1.14) than that of mean of rest of the four varieties i.e. Raj 4229, K 0906, HD 2733 and DBW 39.

http://epubs.icar.org.in/ejournal/index.php/JWR/article/download/36764/16395

Performance of wheat varieties under different sowing dates in Jharkhand

To study the efficacy of different herbicides, tillage practices and weed control measures on late sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol) field experiments were conducted during winter of 2004–05 to 2006–07 at Ghaghraghat (Bahraich) in Uttar Pradesh. Significantly lower density, weight, and nutrient uptake by weeds was recorded with isoproturon + 2,4-D (0.75 + 0.6 kg/ha) resulting in higher mean grain yield (3.89 tonne/ha) and net income (Rs. 18,375/ha). Weed free treatment recorded the highest energy output and lowest energy use efficiency (EUE). Isoproturon + 2, 4-D resulted in the highest EUE and energy productivity followed by metribuzin. Conventional tillage (CT) significantly increased density and dry matter of weeds when compared with zero tillage (ZT), thus, ZT increased grain yield of wheat by 2.18% as compared to CT. Sulfosulfuron (25 g/ha) recorded the lower density and dry weight of weeds and higher weed suppression efficiency (83.43%) followed by isoproturon + 2,4-D (81.04%). Application of isoprturon + 2,4-D produced significantly higher grain yield in ZT, and sulfosulfuron in CT. Irrespective of tillage, isoproturon + 2,4-D gave the highest net income (Rs 17.12 x 103/ha) and benefit: cost ratio (2.59). CT consumed 23.66% more energy than ZT. The EUE and energy productivity was highest with ZT and sulfosulfuron.

Weed management in late sown wheat (Triticum aestivum) after rice (Oryza sativa) in rice-wheat system in rainfed lowland

An experiment was conducted at Agronomy Instructional Farm, C. P. College of Agriculture, Sardarkrushinagar Dantiwada Agricultural University, Sardarkrushinagar on "Integrated nutrient management in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)" during rabi season of 2012–2013. The experiment was laid out in randomized block design with three replications. The results of the experiment indicated that combined application of inorganic fertilizer at higher/lower dose along with FYM, bio-fertilizer and sulphur gave significantly spikes per metre row length, spike length, number of grains per spike and yield. However, the lowest such yield and yield attributes were recorded with the RDF.

Integrated Nutrient Management in Wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

A field experiment was conducted at research farm of Rajendra Agricultural University, Pusa, Samastipur during the rabi seasons of 2002–03 and 2003–04 to find out the effect of integrated nutrient management on productivity of late sown wheat (Triticum aestivum L.). Addition of 10 t/ha FYM + 25 kg ZnSO4/ha together with RDF (recommended dose of fertilizers i.e. 120-26.2–33.3 kg N-P-K/ha), 125% RDF and 150% RDF recorded significantly higher values of yield attributes, grain (3.5–3.7, 3.6–3.8 and 3.8–3.9 t/ha, respectively) and straw (5.2–5.4, 5.3–5.5 and 5.5–5.6 t/ha, respectively) yields than application of RDF (2.9–3.1 t/ha), 125% RDF (3.2–3.5 t/ha) and 150% RDF (3.3–3.6 t/ha) alone. Application of 10 t FYM/ha with RDF produced similar grain yield (3.4–3.6 t/ha) as the yield obtained under 150% RDF alone (3.3–3.6 t/ha). Application of 150% RDF together with 10 tonnes FYM + 25 kg ZnSO4/ha although produced maximum grain yield (3.8–3.9 t/ha), however, highest benefit: cost ratio (1.5–1.7) was obtained with 10 t FYM/ha together with RDF only. Addition of 10 t FYM with fertilizers levels significantly increased the nutrient uptake by the crop, improved the organic carbon content, N, P and K status and significantly reduced the bulk density of the soil as compared to chemical fertilizer alone.

Integrated nutrient management for sustaining wheat (Triticum aestivum) production under late sown condition

An experiment was conducted during 4 consecutive winter (rabi) season of 2003 to 2007 to study the phenology, growing degree days and its subsequent effect on grain yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.emend. Fiori and Paol) varieties grown under varying environmental conditions. The crop sown on 23 November took maximum calendar days and growing degree days for tiller initiation, boot stage, ear emergence, milk stage, dough stage and maturity which got reduced significantly with subsequent delay in sowing time and recorded lowest value on 4 January-sown crop. Highest heat-use efficiency and grain were also obtained when sowing was done on 23 November, both heat-use efficiency and grain yield decreased significantly on delayed sowing. The reduction in grain yield was recorded to the tune of 7.45, 30.91 and 55% when sowing was delayed on 7 December, 21 December and 4 January, respectively as compared to 23 November-sown crop. Per unit increase in growing degree days over 1477.7°C increased grain yield to the tune of 11.1, 7.2, 5.6 and 5.8 kg/ha/day of wheat varieties ‘K 9107’, ‘PBW 343’, ‘HP 1744’ and ‘NW 1014’, respectively. Among the tested varieties, timely-sown wheat varieties took highest calendar days, growing degree days for these phenophases and recorded highest heat-use efficiency and grain yield than late-sown wheat varieties. The significant reduction in grain yield of timely-sown wheat varieties ‘K 9107’ and ‘PBW 343’ was recorded when sowing was delayed beyond 23 November, while significant reduction in late-sown varieties, ‘HP 1744’ and ‘NW 1014’ was noticed beyond 7 December. The reduction in grain yield of timely-sown varieties was more pronounced beyond 21 December.

Phenology, heat unit requirement and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties under different crop-growing environment.

A field experiment was conducted during winter (rabi) season of 2002–03 and 2003–04 to study the efficacy of herbicides and fertilizer management on weed dynamics of wheat (Triticum aestivum L. emend. Fiori & Paol.). The intensity of weeds as well as total weed count were unaffected by the method and level of fertilizer application, but side placement of fertilizer significantly reduced the total dry biomass of weeds, NPK depletion by weeds that improved the NPK uptake by the crop and produced 13.5 per cent higher grain yield than broadcast method of fertilizer application. Application of 125 per cent of the recommended dose of fertilizer (RDF) although recorded significantly higher dry biomass of weeds and NPK depletion by weeds than 75 per cent of the RDF, it increased the NPK uptake by crop and grain yield. Weed-control treatments significantly reduced the intensity of broad-leaf weeds, annual and perennial grasses, total weed count, dry biomass of weeds and NPK depletion by weeds, and increased the NPK uptake by the crop. These treatments increased the grain yield by 26.3–35.9 per cent than the weedy check. Among the weed-control treatments, sulfosulfuron proved the most effective herbicide against broad-leaf weeds and annual grasses, reducing their intensity as well as that of total weeds than the mixture of 2,4-D + isoproturon and hand-weeding but had no adverse effect on perennial grasses and sedges. However, hand-weeding significantly reduced the intensity of perennial grasses and sedges. Sulfosulfuron also recorded significanty lower total dry biomass of weeds and NPK depletion by weeds than the mixture of 2,4-D + isoproturon and showed the highest weed-control efficiency.

Efficacy of herbicides and fertilizer management on weed dynamics in wheat (Triticum aestivum)

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Integrated nutrient management for sustaining wheat (Triticum aestivum) production under late sown condition

Phenology, heat unit requirement and yield of wheat (Triticum aestivum) varieties under different crop-growing environment.

Efficacy of herbicides and fertilizer management on weed dynamics in wheat (Triticum aestivum)