CRYSTALLINE MATERIALS Introduction Physical Properties Optical Properties Mechanical Properties Thermal Properties Magnetooptic Properties Electrooptic Properties Elastooptic Properties Nonlinear Optical Properties GLASSES Introduction Commercial Optical Glasses Specialty Optical Glasses Fused Silica Fluoride Glasses Chalcogenide Glasses Magnetooptic Properties Electrooptic Properties Elastooptic Properties Nonlinear Optical Properties Special Glasses POLYMERIC MATERIALS Optical Plastics Index of Refraction Nonlinear Optical Properties Thermal Properties Engineering Data METALS Physical Properties of Selected Metals Optical Properties Mechanical Properties Thermal Properties Mirror Substrate Materials LIQUIDS Introduction Water Physical Properties of Selected Liquids Index of Refraction Nonlinear Optical Properties Magnetooptic Properties Commercial Optical Liquids GASES Introduction Physical Properties of Selected Gases Index of Refraction Nonlinear Optical Properties Magnetooptic Properties Atomic Resonance Filters APPENDICES Safe Handling of Optical Materials Abbreviations, Acronyms, and Mineralogical or Common Names for Optical Materials Abbreviations for Methods of Preparing Optical Materials and Thin Films Fundamental Physical Constants Units and Conversion Factors

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Handbook of Optical Materials

The nonlinear refractive indices (${n}_{2}$) of a large number of optical crystals have been measured at a wavelength near one micrometer with use of nearly degenerate three-wave mixing. The measurements are compared with the predictions of an empirical formula derived by Boling, Glass, and Owyoung. This formula, which relates ${n}_{2}$ to the linear refractive index and its dispersion, is shown to be accurate to within about 30% for materials with nonlinear indices ranging over 3 orders of magnitude. Measurements for a number of binary oxide and fluoride crystals have been analyzed under the assumption that the hyperpolarizability of the anion is much larger than that of the cation. It is found that the hyperpolarizability of oxygen varies by a factor of 10, and that of fluorine varies by a factor of 7, depending on the size of the coordinating cation. This behavior is similar to that of the linear polarizability, although the hyperpolarizability is much more sensitive than the linear polarizability to the identity of the cation. The measured halide ion hyperpolarizabilities for several alkali-halide crystals are in reasonable agreement with recent self-consistent calculations. A semiempirical model was proposed by Wilson and Curtis to account for the dependence of the linear anionic polarizability on the radius of the cation. This model also accounts quite well for the variation of the hyperpolarizability of both fluorine and oxygen, except for cation partners that have filled or unfilled d-electron shells. The nonlinear indices of a number of complex oxides (i.e., those with more than one cation) have been calculated from the partial hyperpolarizabilities deduced from the data for the binary oxides. The calculated and measured values of ${n}_{2}$ agree to within an average error of 13%.

Nonlinear refractive index of optical crystals.

Strong continuous three‐wave mixing of 514.5‐nm argon laser light in a single‐mode fiber is reported. The effect, due to the third‐order nonlinearity of silica, has been observed for light whose frequency spectrum consists of either a few discrete monochromatic frequency components separated by ∼1 GHz or a quasicontinuous distribution of frequencies having a spectral envelope ∼4 GHz wide. We show that the effect provides a simple and effective method for measuring the nonlinearity of silica. In the first manifestation of the effect, the nonlinearity mixes the frequency components to produce new frequencies. In the second, multiple mixing occurs that broadens the quasicontinuous spectrum. This manifestation of the effect is large; broadening by a factor of 4 has been observed with lower intensity levels than are required to produce stimulated Brillouin scattering in the same fiber. A theoretical model is presented to describe spectral broadening by three‐wave mixing for the case of small broadening. The effect of three‐wave mixing on the operation of continuous stimulated Brillouin and Raman oscillators is also discussed. Finally, it is noted that the presence of this effect may constrain the design of long‐haul single‐mode fiber optical communication trunks.

cw three-wave mixing in single-mode optical fibers

We have developed a rapid and accurate method for measuring the nonlinear refractive index of transparent materials. It is based on a version of three-wave mixing in which the frequencies of the two input beams are adjusted to differ by about 60 cm−1. The nonlinear index of a material is measured relative to that of a standard with a known index. Our measurements of 27 glasses are in good agreement with previous results, where available, and with the n2 values calculated empirically from linear index parameters. We also discuss the relationship between the observed nonlinear index and the structure and composition of the glasses.

Nonlinear refractive-index measurements of glasses using three-wave frequency mixing

Single pulses from a well-calibrated mode-locked YAG:Nd laser have been used to study the dielectric-breakdown properties of 14 transparent solids. Results are presented for the breakdown threshold electric fields, accurate to an estimated 15%. The experimental technique permits simultaneous measurement of the nonlinear susceptibility $\ensuremath{\chi}_{\mathrm{xxxx}}^{}{}_{}{}^{(3)}(\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\omega},\ensuremath{\omega},\ensuremath{\omega},\ensuremath{-}\ensuremath{\omega})$, via the nonlinear refractive index. Susceptibility results with estimated accuracy of 50% are presented.

Dielectric-breakdown threshold and nonlinear-refractive-index measurements with picosecond laser pulses

The relative contributions of the Kerr, electrostrictive, and thermal effects to the self-focusing thresholds of borosilicate crown glass, fused silica, and dense flint glass have been estimated from an analysis of damage-threshold data for linearly polarized and circularly polarized radiation. The measurements were made with a Nd:glass laser operating in the TEM 00 mode with a temporal pulsewidth of 25 ns. The Kerr effect appears to be the largest effect. The thermal effect is also significant. The electrostrictive effect is smallest. Reasonable values of the absorption coefficient are calculated from the thermal contribution. The results are in qualitative agreement with the work of others.

Mechanisms for self-focusing in optical glasses

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Mechanisms for self-focusing in optical glasses