http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/5610941/5624686/05624745.pdf

Power electronics

A questionnaire survey was carried out to determine the industrial requirements and expectations of reliability in power electronic converters. The survey was subjective and conducted with a number of high-profile semiconductor manufacturers, integrators, and users in the aerospace, automation, motor drive, utility power, and other industry sectors. According to the survey, power semiconductor devices ranked the most fragile components. It was concluded that main stresses were from the environment, transients, and heavy loads, which should be considered during power electronic system design and normal operation. This paper has also highlighted that there is a significant need identified by the responders for better reliability-monitoring methods and indicators.

An Industry-Based Survey of Reliability in Power Electronic Converters

The steady growth of installed wind power together with the upscaling of the single wind turbine power capability has pushed the research and development of power converters toward full-scale power conversion, lowered cost pr kW, increased power density, and also the need for higher reliability. In this paper, power converter technologies are reviewed with focus on existing ones and on those that have potential for higher power but which have not been yet adopted due to the important risk associated with the high-power industry. The power converters are classified into single- and multicell topologies, in the latter case with attention to series connection and parallel connection either electrical or magnetic ones (multiphase/windings machines/transformers). It is concluded that as the power level increases in wind turbines, medium-voltage power converters will be a dominant power converter configuration, but continuously cost and reliability are important issues to be addressed.

/pdf/power-electronics-converters-for-wind-turbine-systems-21z5t4m2w0.pdf

Power Electronics Converters for Wind Turbine Systems

Wind power is still the most promising renewable energy in the year of 2013. The wind turbine system (WTS) started with a few tens of kilowatt power in the 1980s. Now, multimegawatt wind turbines are widely installed even up to 6-8 MW. There is a widespread use of wind turbines in the distribution networks and more and more wind power stations, acting as power plants, are connected directly to the transmission networks. As the grid penetration and power level of the wind turbines increase steadily, the wind power starts to have significant impacts to the power grid system. Therefore, more advanced generators, power electronic systems, and control solutions have to be introduced to improve the characteristics of the wind power plant and make it more suitable to be integrated into the power grid. Meanwhile, there are also some emerging technology challenges, which need to be further clarified and investigated. This paper gives an overview and discusses some development trends in the technologies used for wind power systems. First, the developments of technology and market are generally discussed. Next, several state-of-the-art wind turbine concepts, as well as the corresponding power electronic converters and control structures, are reviewed, respectively. Furthermore, grid requirements and the technology challenges for the future WTS are also addressed.

Future on Power Electronics for Wind Turbine Systems

With wide-spread application of power electronic systems across many different industries, their reliability is being studied extensively. This paper presents a comprehensive review of reliability assessment and improvement of power electronic systems from three levels: 1) metrics and methodologies of reliability assessment of existing system; 2) reliability improvement of existing system by means of algorithmic solutions without change of the hardware; and 3) reliability-oriented design solutions that are based on fault-tolerant operation of the overall systems. The intent of this review is to provide a clear picture of the landscape of reliability research in power electronics. The limitations of the current research have been identified and the direction for future research is suggested.

https://www.egr.msu.edu/~bingsen/files_publications/J-13_TPEL_Reliability.pdf

Survey on Reliability of Power Electronic Systems

Due to the increasing importance of power electronic components in automobiles, it becomes necessary to consider their reliability. This applies especially to hybrid electrical vehicles (HEV) where a malfunction of the power electronics may prevent the vehicle to operate. Of paramount importance for the reliability of power electronics is the component operating temperature and temperature cycling. This paper deals with the development of an advanced simulation tool which is capable of determining the component temperature of a three-phase converter over long mission profiles. In addition, the expected converter reliability is calculated. To accomplish this, losses in the semiconductors and dc-link capacitors are determined first. Next, this loss data is fed into a thermal model to compute the component temperatures, for the whole mission profile. As basis for the reliability computation, failure-rate catalogs, such as Military Handbook 217F or RDF 2000, are used. Also an approach using simple formulas for lifetime prediction is presented. According to failure-rate catalogs, temperature cycles are of particular importance for the reliability of power semiconductors. A novel algorithm, detecting all relevant temperature cycles within the computed temperature curve is developed. Finally, the applicability and significance of the presented reliability prediction methods is assessed.

Reliability Prediction for Inverters in Hybrid Electrical Vehicles

Due to the increasing importance of electronic components in automobiles, it becomes necessary to consider their reliability. This applies especially to Hybrid Electrical Vehicles (HEV) where a malfunction of the power electronics may force the vehicle to stop immediately. Of paramount importance for the reliability of power electronics is the component temperature and its variation. This paper deals with the development of an advanced simulation tool which is capable of determining the component temperature of a three-phase bridge even for long mission profiles. It determines the expected reliability from the simulation results. At first, losses in the semiconductors and dc-link capacitors are determined. These are fed into a flexible thermal model which computes the component temperatures for the whole mission profile. As basis for the reliability computation, failure rate catalogs, such as Military Handbook 217F or RDF 2000, are used. An approach using simple formulas for lifetime prediction is presented. According to failure rate catalogs, temperature cycles are of particular importance for the reliability of power semiconductors. A novel algorithm, detecting all relevant temperature cycles within the computed temperature curve is developed. Finally, the applicability and significance of the presented reliability prediction methods is assessed.

Due to the increased electrification of automobiles, the use of inverters in automobiles has increased also. Therefore, an exact layout of the used components based on the individual application is required. Because temperature is one of the critical parameters for system reliability, especially in power electronic applications, it is important to know the components temperature for every load condition respectively throughout entire mission profiles. This paper deals with the development of an advanced simulation program which is capable of computing the component temperature even for long mission profiles within an adequate amount of time and with satisfying accuracy. As an example, the losses in the semiconductors and in the DC-link capacitors of a simple three-phase bridge are determined. The necessary simplifications and their impacts on the results are explained in detail. After the losses are determined, they are fed into a flexible 3-dimensional lumped parameter thermal model. The accuracy of the thermal model can be scaled by selecting the number of elements. The thermal model is generated automatically after the material and geometric data are inserted. Here a convection cooler is modeled. This thermal model also calculates the heating of the coolant within the heat sink.

Inverter design for hybrid electrical vehicles considering mission profiles

This paper describes the design of a digital control for a 3.3 kV, 1 MVA three-level PWM converter operating as test generator for disturbances in medium-voltage grids according to standards like IEC 61000, EN 50160, and IEEE 1547. The proposed control combines state-feedback with additional dynamic output feedback. It is designed fully in the stationary reference frame to avoid processing of complex transformations into different rotating reference frames. Resonant controllers provide zero steady-state error for up to ten harmonics. A DSP platform is used for implementing the control. It replaces the control unit of a commercial converter. Experimental results of a downscaled breadboard construction verify the functionality of the control.

Control of a medium-voltage test generator

PWM current source converters (CSCs) can directly replace traditional thyristor rectifiers in many industrial applications to improve power quality significantly. In this work, a design process for PWM current source rectifiers in the range of 1–10 MVA is developed. Different PWM techniques for CSCs are reviewed in the light of semiconductor losses and harmonic distortion of the modulated current. A design procedure for the ac-filter (LC-filter) is proposed that identifies filter designs that comply to emission limits for harmonic currents as well as thermal limits of the semiconductors. The design procedure is verified by detailed simulations. Results of a real-world case study are presented.

Design of a PWM current source rectifier for high power induction melting applications

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Papers

Reliability Prediction for Inverters in Hybrid Electrical Vehicles

Reliability Prediction for Inverters in Hybrid Electrical Vehicles

Inverter design for hybrid electrical vehicles considering mission profiles

Control of a medium-voltage test generator

Design of a PWM current source rectifier for high power induction melting applications