The various application possibilities of microscopic x-ray fluorescence and associated methods for the characterization and provenance analysis of objects and materials of cultural heritage value are discussed by means of a number of case studies. They include the trace analysis of historic glass, the analysis of corroded coins and statues in bronze and silver and the study of inks on historical documents. These studies are conducted by means of micro-XRF instruments installed at synchrotron beamlines and by means of laboratory equipment, some of which is easily transportable to the museum or archaeological site where the objects of interest are located. Copyright © 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Use of microscopic XRF for non‐destructive analysis in art and archaeometry

One of the most important reference groups for Mycenaean pottery is the Mycenae/Berbati (MB). In several studies, a second group has been identified (MBKR). The chemical compositions were similar to MB, but with important differences in the Na, K and Rb contents. The present study suggests that these differences are due to selective alteration and contamination processes that are indirectly determined by the original firing temperature. Therefore, groups MB and MBKR should be considered as a single reference group.

/pdf/alterations-of-na-k-and-rb-concentrations-in-mycenaean-54vv27o5rj.pdf

Alterations of Na, K and Rb concentrations in Mycenaean pottery and a proposed explanation using X-ray diffraction

Group therapy in Crete : A comparison between analyses by NAA and thin section petrography of early Minoan pottery

Mineralogical analysis and provenancing of ancient ceramics using automated SEM-EDS analysis (QEMSCAN®): a pilot study on LB I pottery from Akrotiri, Thera

Much of the literature on the integration of science and archaeology has tended to focus on mistakes, tensions, and problems. Many scholars have also been obsessed with definitions and delineating the boundaries between varieties of archaeologist. In this article we aim to move away from this by discussing the pragmatic ways that progress has been achieved in applying scientific solutions to interpreting the past. Progress has not been dependent on overcoming supposed fundamental differences between the humanities and sciences; instead it has been based around cooperation on the vast tracts of common ground. This article highlights key arenas that encourage this process of information flow and discussion: interdisciplinary field work, new scientific techniques, new archaeological questions, and education. What is increasingly important in archaeology is how we can encourage researchers to contribute to group solutions of problems and cross outdated disciplinary boundaries.

A Bicycle Made for Two? The Integration of Scientific Techniques into Archaeological Interpretation

Coherent and incoherent photon scattering cross sections for elements C, Si, V, Fe, Cu, Zn, Mo, Au and Pb and some alloy samples have been measured at E = 34.6 keV. Experimental results are compared with normalised integrated cross sections based on form-factor and the incoherent scattering function approximations. Experimental results are in general higher than theory. Further measurements on coherent and incoherent scattering cross sections need to be performed in the X-ray energy region. Also the exact calculations of differential coherent scattering cross sections need to be done in this energy range.

Elastic and inelastic scattering of photons in the X-ray energy region

Neutron Activation Analysis of Selected Sherds from Prophitis Ilias (Argolid, Greece): a Closed Late Helladic II Settlement Context

In this paper we present the results of a chemical investigation by neutron activation analysis of sherds of different kinds of bird kotylai, bird bowls and related wares excavated in Kalabaktepe, a hill of the ancient city of Miletus. A new archaeological classification of this well-known group of Archaic ceramics of eastern Greece is presented. A number of kiln wasters of misfired vessels from Kalabaktepe revealed a characteristic local pattern. This pattern helped to clarify the provenance of some of the bird bowls classified archaeologically as of orientalizing type: they have been made in Miletus. But bird kotylai and bird bowls in the 'standard fabric’as well as other archaeologically related vessels show a different chemical pattern of unknown provenance.

Neutron activation analysis of bird bowls and related archaic ceramics from miletus

To analyze nondestructively the elemental composition of expensive and sensitive objects pertaining to the history of art and civilization, X-ray fluorescence analysis (SYXRF) can be performed at the electron storage ring ELSA, University of Bonn, using synchrotron radiation (SR) as a powerful source of X-ray radiation. The calibration by standards is cumbersome for targets of different types, therefore, quantitative analyses should be performed by the fundamental parameter method [1]. Using known experimental and theoretical parameters, like X-ray production and absorption cross sections, the elemental abundances in thick targets can be determined from the measured Xray fluorescence intensities emitted. One basic information needed for these calculations is the spectral distribution of intensity of the exciting SR at the target position. Accelerated electrons with energies of several GeV emit a continuous spectrum of SR reaching energies possible to excite Kand/or L-shells of all elements. SR is focused in the direction of the electron motion with opening angles of about 0.15 mrad in the X-ray energy region. For one electron on an ideal orbit, the spectral and angular distribution of the SR is given by the Schwinger equation [2, 3]. In existing electron storage rings many electrons oscillating around the ideal orbit are contributing to the emitted radiation. Therefore, a quantification of the SR spectrum has to take into account this finite size and divergence of the electron beam. Calculations [4] show that the spectral distribution of SR, seen through a diaphragm of definite size, depends on the vertical position and size of the diaphragm, the effective vertical size of the electron beam rerf (FWHM of the

A monitor for the spectral distribution of white synchrotron radiation

PIXE analyses with α-particles of an energy of 30 MeV have been performed with the Bonn cyclotron for more than a decade. In this paper we summarize recent improvements of our experimental setup and the data evaluation system. The ion beam is collimated by a remotely controlled diaphragm and exits the vacuum system. This facilitates sample handling and reduces limitations of the requirements for the samples. To obtain quantitative results the fundamental parameter method is applied which gives precise results for minor and main elements of thick samples particularly at higher ion energies. As an archaeometric application we analysed alloys used for the manufacture of Bronze and Iron Age weapons from Bactria.

PIXE analysis of Bronze and Iron Age weapons from Bactria

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