This paper reviews the synthesis of smectites and porous pillared clay catalysts. Synthetic as well as natural smectites serve as precursors for the synthesis of Al, Zr, Ti, Fe, Cr, Ga, V, Si, and other pillared clays as well as mixed Fe/Al, Ga/Al, Si/Al, Zr/Al and other mixed metal/Al pillared clays. The use of these pillared clays in some catalytic reactions is also briefly reviewed.

Synthesis of Smectites and Porous Pillared Clay Catalysts: A Review

Mixed (Al–Fe) pillared clays are very efficient solid catalysts for oxidation of organic compounds in water by hydrogen peroxide. We have shown that in rather mild experimental conditions (atmospheric pressure, T≤70°C) and with a low excess (20%) of hydrogen peroxide, phenol was rapidly converted, mainly to CO2, without significant catalyst leaching. The (Al–Fe) pillared clay catalyst (called FAZA) can be used several times without any change of its catalytic properties. According to the low leaching observed and a previous Mossbauer spectroscopy study, the iron species appear to be strongly bonded to the aluminium pillars.

Catalytic wet peroxide oxidation over mixed (Al-Fe) pillared clays

A combined study by XRD, FTIR, TG and HRTEM on the structure of delaminated Fe-intercalated/pillared clay

This review discusses the recent trends in the research over the last 30 years to use clay minerals in natural and modified forms for removing different toxic organic/inorganic pollutants. The natural and modified forms of clay minerals have an exceptional ability to remove different contaminants. However, the modification methods can improve the clay mineral adsorption properties that consequently increase more adsorption sites and functional groups to adsorb different environmental pollutants. This review shows the importance of modification methods and more extension of novel clay preparation based on nanotechnology which could raise the control of pollution. The syntheses of functionalized clays such as pillared clays and porous clay heterostructures introduce the new class of heterostructure materials with high adsorption capacity, capability, and selectivity. Due to the acceptable properties of heterostructure materials including high specific surface area, thermal and mechanical stability, and the existence of multifunctional groups to selective adsorption, this review collects more literature of research related to environmental protection issues. However, it is expected much attention to get a better understanding of the adsorption mechanism, regeneration, and recovery process of these materials.

The advantages of clay mineral modification methods for enhancing adsorption efficiency in wastewater treatment: a review.

Pillared smectites in which the pillars consist of iron oxide are expected to have interesting and unusual magnetic properties. Several possible routes by which such materials might be made have been investigated, namely intercalation of hydroxy-Fe(III) polycations, mixed hydroxy-Fe(III)/Al polycations, phenanthroline-Fe(II) cations, and trinuclear Fe(III) acetato cations into Na-montmorillonite. Only the last of these yielded a pillared clay (PILC) on calcination. The products have been characterized using X-ray powder diffraction and 57Fe Mossbauer spectroscopy. The precursor Fe-PILC has a d-spacing of 21 A and expands to 23 A on solvation with glycol. The calcined Fe-PILC has a d-spacing of 19 A (gallery height 9·4 A) and does not expand with glycol, confirming cross-linking of the layers. From Mossbauer spectra at 4·2 K it is estimated that there are of the order of some hundred Fe atoms per pillar.

Preparation and characterization of iron oxide pillared montmorillonite

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Preparation and characterization of iron oxide pillared montmorillonite