Changes in bioactive phytochemical content and in vitro antioxidant activity of carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) as influenced by fruit ripening

Mineral composition of pods and seeds of wild and grafted carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) fruits

Morphological variation (pod length, width, thickness, seed number, volume, weight and specific gravity measurements) and chemical composition (protein, sugar, fiber, ash and total phenol content) of nine carob varieties from different regions of Lebanon were investigated. The obtained results showed that these two criteria exhibit significant differences (p<0.05) allowing thus to establish correlations between morphological aspects and location, mainly latitude. Moreover, the principal component analysis (PCA) of the data allowed separating these varieties in two grouped and two ungrouped populations.

http://eujournal.org/index.php/esj/article/download/1208/1230

Morphological and chemical variability of lebanese carob varieties

BACKGROUND

This work aimed at formulating a carob-based milk beverage and assessing its chemical and sensory properties. Six varieties of carob pods, each processed into roasted and unroasted powders, were used to develop 12 prototypes of the beverage. Chemical and physico-chemical analyses (moisture, ash, fibre, protein, sugars, total-phenolics, total-antioxidants, water activity and colour) and sensory tests were conducted.



RESULTS

The variety of carob pod had a significant effect on all chemical variables in carob powders (P < 0.01), except for sugars, and when incorporated in the beverage, on moisture, total phenolics, total antioxidant activity and colour parameters (L, a, b; P-values < 0.001). Roasting treatment significantly increased fibre, total phenolics, total antioxidant activity (P-values < 0.001), fructose, glucose (P-values < 0.05), and a-value levels (P < 0.01), significantly lowered moisture (P < 0.05), water activity, L- and b-values (P-values < 0.001) in carob powders; and significantly increased the beverage's total phenolics, a-value (P-values < 0.001) and total antioxidant activity (P < 0.01). Roasting treatment significantly increased the beverage's acceptability ratings. Beverages formulated with roasted carob powder had higher ratings for level of residue, colour, caramel odour, mocha odour and flavour, roasted coffee odour and flavour, viscosity mouthfeel and bitter aftertaste. Principal component analysis was conducted; PC1 and PC2 separated attributes according to roasting treatment and variety of carob pods, respectively.



CONCLUSION

The use of Akkari roasted and Baladi Ikleem el Kharoob roasted to formulate a carob-based milk beverage is recommended. © 2015 Society of Chemical Industry

Developing a carob-based milk beverage using different varieties of carob pods and two roasting treatments and assessing their effect on quality characteristics.

Background and Purpose— The role of serum fatty acids as a risk factor for stroke and stroke subtypes is largely unknown. Methods— A prospective nested case-control study of Japanese 40 to 85 years of age was conducted through the use of frozen serum samples from 7450 participants in cardiovascular risk surveys collected from 1984 to 1989 for 1 community and 1989 to 1992 for the other 2 communities. By the end of 1998, we identified 197 incident strokes whose subtypes were confirmed by imaging studies. Three controls per case were selected by matching for sex, age, community, year of serum storage, and fasting status. Results— Compared with controls, total (n=197), hemorrhagic (n=75), and ischemic (n=122) strokes had similar proportions of n3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, lower proportions of linoleic and arachidonic acids, and higher proportions of saturated and monosaturated acids, determined by gas chromatography. The multivariate odds ratios associated with a 1-SD increase in linoleic acid (5%) after a...

Linoleic Acid, Other Fatty Acids, and the Risk of Stroke

One wild and two domesticated (‘Etli’ and ’Sisam‘) carob genotypes grown in Antalya, Turkey were assessed for their physical and chemical properties in a comparative study. In most physical pod traits, the domesticated genotypes had higher values than those found in the wild genotype. On the other hand, physical seed traits such as average number of seed and seed to husk ratio had higher values in the wild genotype compared with the domesticated genotypes. Soluble solid content and the content of fructose, glucose and sucrose of the domesticated genotypes were higher than those found in the wild genotype. The levels of sucrose were found to be the highest compared with all the other sugars, in all genotypes. The N and K concentrations in the husk of the wild genotype were higher than that found in domesticated genotypes. The content of macro and micro nutrients in the seeds were quite similar among all the genotypes. The most abundant fatty acids were the methyl-esters of oleic acid (C18:1), linoleic acid (C18:2n6), palmitic acid (16:0) and stearic acid (C18:0). The husk of the wild genotype contained higher concentrations of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids compared with that of the domesticated genotypes. Fat concentration and fatty acid composition are the first reported in this paper. Our results suggest that ‘Etli’ and ‘Sisam’ are advantageous over the wild type regarding pod properties, while the wild genotype was found to be better regarding seed properties.

https://dialnet.unirioja.es/descarga/articulo/3360189.pdf

Physical and phytochemical profile of wild and domesticated carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) genotypes

A comprehensive evaluation of process kinetics: A plant-wide approach for nutrient removal and biogas production.

Efficient organic carbon utilization for combined nutrient removal and biogas production in hybrid biofilm activated sludge system

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Physical and phytochemical profile of wild and domesticated carob (Ceratonia siliqua L.) genotypes

A comprehensive evaluation of process kinetics: A plant-wide approach for nutrient removal and biogas production.

Efficient organic carbon utilization for combined nutrient removal and biogas production in hybrid biofilm activated sludge system