The Submillimeter Common-User Bolometer Array (SCUBA) is one of a new generation of cameras designed to operate in the submillimeter waveband. The instrument has a wide wavelength range covering all the atmospheric transmission windows between 300 and 2000 micrometer. In the heart of the instrument are two arrays of bolometers optimized for the short (350/450 micrometer) and long (750/850 micrometer) wavelength ends of the submillimeter spectrum. The two arrays can be used simultaneously, giving a unique dual-wavelength capability, and have a 2.3 arc-minute field of view on the sky. Background-limited performance is achieved by cooling the arrays to below 100 mK. SCUBA has now been in active service for over a year, and has already made substantial breakthroughs in many areas of astronomy. In this paper we present an overview of the performance of SCUBA during the commissioning phase on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope (JCMT).

SCUBA: a submillimeter camera operating on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope

A new instrument named SAFIRE-A (Spectroscopy of the Atmosphere using Far-Infrared Emission/Airborne), which can operate on high-altitude platforms, has been developed for the study of the atmospheric composition through limb-scanning emission measurements The instrument is a polarizing Fourier transform spectrometer that operates in the far infrared with a resolution of 0004 cm(−1) SAFIRE-A uses efficient photon noise limited detectors and a novel optical configuration, which provide a cold pupil and field stop as well as cold narrow bandpass filters to enhance its sensitivity The instrument was successfully operated on an M-55 stratospheric research aircraft in the polar regions during the winter 1996–97 Airborne Polar Experiment The instrument design, aircraft integration, and performances attained in the field campaign are described and discussed The atmospheric emission spectrum is measured with an rms noise accuracy of 05 K (measured in brightness temperature) in each spectral element near 20 cm(−1) with a 30-s measurement time

/pdf/safire-a-spectroscopy-of-the-atmosphere-using-far-infrared-2afstwh6gx.pdf

SAFIRE-A: Spectroscopy of the Atmosphere Using Far-Infrared Emission/Airborne

Studies of emission in the far-infrared and submillimeter from astrophysical sources require large arrays of detectors containing hundreds to thousands of elements. A multiplexed readout is necessary for practical implementation of such arrays, and can be developed using SQUIDS, such that, e.g., a 32 × 32 array of bolometers can be read out using ≈100 wires rather than the >2000 needed with a brute force expansion of existing arrays. These bolometer arrays are made by micromachining techniques, using superconducting transition edge sensors as the thermistors. We describe the development of this multiplexed superconducting bolometer array architecture as a step toward bringing about the first astronomically useful arrays of this design. This technology will be used in the SAFIRE instrument on SOFIA, and is a candidate for a wide variety of other spectroscopic and photometric instruments.

/pdf/multiplexed-readout-of-superconducting-bolometers-11hmph1an6.pdf

Multiplexed Readout of Superconducting Bolometers

Semiconductor bulk crystals and multilayer structures with controlled isotopic composition have attracted much scientific and technical interest in the past few years. Isotopic composition affects a large number of physical properties, including phonon energies and lifetimes, bandgaps, the thermal conductivity and expansion coefficient and spin-related effects. Isotope superlattices are ideal media for self-diffusion studies. In combination with neutron transmutation doping, isotope control offers a novel approach to metal-insulator transition studies. Spintronics, quantum computing and nanoparticle science are emerging fields using isotope control.

/pdf/isotopically-controlled-semiconductors-2eu8ye4atv.pdf

Isotopically controlled semiconductors

The design and fabrication is described of the prototype IR detector for the SCUBA-2 80×80 pixel array (Submillimetre Common User Bolometer Array), which is to be mounted on the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope in Hawaii. The detector technology is based on silicon micromachining, with transition edge sensors (TES) being used to detect incoming radiation with wavelengths of 450 and 850 μm. Each TES is located on a λ/4 silicon brick suspended on a silicon nitride membrane and supported by a silicon micromachined waffle. Low-temperature indium bump bonding connects each TES to a SQUID multiplexer chip. The paper details the design considerations and the technology used to fabricate the detector wafer.

Design and fabrication of the detector technology for SCUBA-2

We describe the design and construction of bolometric detectors for SCUBA - the Submillimetre Common-User Bolometer Array for the James Clerk Maxwell Telescope in Hawaii. The instrument contains 131 individual detectors, in two arrays, optimized for the submillimetre atmospheric transmission windows. The detectors are cooled by dilution refrigeration to a temperature of 100 mK, so that the receiver performance will be limited by photon noise from the sky and telescope background in all wavebands. A future paper will describe the performance of the detectors with reference to typical data obtained during the laboratory commissioning period.

100 mK bolometers for the submillimetre common-user bolometer array (scuba) I. Design and construction

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100 mK bolometers for the submillimetre common-user bolometer array (scuba) I. Design and construction