Methods for assessment, e.g., anthropometric indicators and imaging techniques, of several phenotypes of human obesity, with special reference to abdominal fat content, have been evaluated. The correlation of fat distribution with age, gender, total body fat, energy balance, adipose tissue lipoprotein lipase and lipolytic activity, adipose tissue receptors, and genetic characteristics are discussed. Several secreted or expressed factors in the adipocyte are evaluated in the context of fat tissue localization. The body fat distribution and the metabolic profile in nonobese and obese individuals is discussed relative to lipolysis, antilypolysis and lipogenesis, insulin sensitivity, and glucose, lipid, and protein metabolism. Finally, the endocrine regulation of abdominal visceral fat in comparison with the adipose tissue localized in other areas is presented.

/pdf/subcutaneous-and-visceral-adipose-tissue-their-relation-to-5crse4rslq.pdf

Subcutaneous and visceral adipose tissue : Their relation to the metabolic syndrome

Excess intra-abdominal adipose tissue accumulation, often termed visceral obesity, is part of a phenotype including dysfunctional subcutaneous adipose tissue expansion and ectopic triglyceride storage closely related to clustering cardiometabolic risk factors. Hypertriglyceridemia; increased free fatty acid availability; adipose tissue release of proinflammatory cytokines; liver insulin resistance and inflammation; increased liver VLDL synthesis and secretion; reduced clearance of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins; presence of small, dense LDL particles; and reduced HDL cholesterol levels are among the many metabolic alterations closely related to this condition. Age, gender, genetics, and ethnicity are broad etiological factors contributing to variation in visceral adipose tissue accumulation. Specific mechanisms responsible for proportionally increased visceral fat storage when facing positive energy balance and weight gain may involve sex hormones, local cortisol production in abdominal adipose tissues, endocannabinoids, growth hormone, and dietary fructose. Physiological characteristics of abdominal adipose tissues such as adipocyte size and number, lipolytic responsiveness, lipid storage capacity, and inflammatory cytokine production are significant correlates and even possible determinants of the increased cardiometabolic risk associated with visceral obesity. Thiazolidinediones, estrogen replacement in postmenopausal women, and testosterone replacement in androgen-deficient men have been shown to favorably modulate body fat distribution and cardiometabolic risk to various degrees. However, some of these therapies must now be considered in the context of their serious side effects. Lifestyle interventions leading to weight loss generally induce preferential mobilization of visceral fat. In clinical practice, measuring waist circumference in addition to the body mass index could be helpful for the identification and management of a subgroup of overweight or obese patients at high cardiometabolic risk.

Pathophysiology of Human Visceral Obesity: An Update

A single abdominal cross-sectional computerized axial tomography and magnetic resonance image is often obtained in studies examining adipose tissue (AT) distribution. An abdominal image might also provide additional useful information on total body skeletal muscle (SM) and AT volumes with related physiological insights. We therefore investigated the relationships between abdominal SM and AT areas from single images and total body component volumes in a large and diverse sample of healthy adult subjects. Total body SM and AT volumes were derived by whole body multislice magnetic resonance imaging in 123 men [age (mean ± SD) of 41.6 ± 15.8 yr; body mass index of 25.9 ± 3.4 kg/m2] and 205 women (age of 47.8 ± 18.7 yr; body mass index of 26.7 ± 5.6 kg/m2). Single abdominal SM and AT slice areas were highly correlated with total body SM (r = 0.71–0.92; r = 0.90 at L4–L5 intervertebral space) and AT (r = 0.84–0.96; r = 0.94 at L4–L5 intervertebral space) volumes, respectively. R2 increased by only 5.7–6.1% for ...

https://www.focusopvoeding.nl/wp-content/uploads/2016/02/Shen-2004-total-body-skeletal-muscle-and-adipose-tissue-volumes-estimation-from-a-single-abdominal-cross-sectional.pdf

Total body skeletal muscle and adipose tissue volumes: estimation from a single abdominal cross-sectional image

Several epidemiological studies have reported that the regional distribution of body fat is a significant and independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and related mortality. Although these associations are well established, the causal mechanisms are not fully understood. Numerous studies have, however, shown that specific topographic features of adipose tissue are associated with metabolic complications that are considered as risk factors for CVD such as insulin resistance, hyperinsulinemia, glucose intolerance and type II diabetes mellitus, hypertension, and changes in the concentration of plasma lipids and lipoproteins. The present article summarizes the evidence on the metabolic correlates of body fat distribution. Potential mechanisms for the association between body fat distribution, metabolic complications, and CVD are reviewed, with an emphasis on plasma lipoprotein levels and plasma lipid transport. From the evidence available, it seems likely that subjects with visceral obesity represent the subgroup of obese individuals with the highest risk for CVD. Although body fat distribution is now considered as a more significant risk factor for CVD and related death rate than obesity per se, further research is clearly needed to identify the determinants of body fat distribution and the causal mechanisms involved in the metabolic alterations. It appears certain, however, that an altered plasma lipid transport is a significant component of the relation between body fat distribution and CVD.

Regional distribution of body fat, plasma lipoproteins, and cardiovascular disease.

Epidemiological, clinical, and mechanistic preclinical studies conducted in the field of cardiovascular medicine have led to remarkable progress in our understanding of nonmodifiable and modifiable risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD). For instance, although the prevalence of CVD had reached devastating levels in the 1950s, proper focus on the major CVD risk factors first identified at the time, such as smoking, hypertension, and high cholesterol levels, has allowed these risk factors to be targeted both at the clinical level and through public health policies.1 As a consequence, coronary heart disease mortality has decreased by ≈50% over the past 50 years.2 Ford et al2 have suggested that better screening and medical management of these CVD risk factors and the medical procedures developed to treat the various acute manifestations of CVD have had a favorable impact on its related mortality rates. However, the current overconsumption of processed and energy-dense food products of poor nutritional value combined with our sedentary lifestyle have contributed to the emergence of new drivers of CVD risk: obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (Figure 1).3,4 It has been proposed that our medical progress at tackling CVD could be offset, at least to a certain extent, by the dramatic consequences of our toxic lifestyle, which includes poor nutrition or excess caloric consumption and a sedentary lifestyle, both leading to obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus.2



Figure 1. 
Some of the alterations in the metabolic risk profile that have been found to be related to abdominal obesity assessed by anthropometry and later to excess visceral adiposity/ectopic fat assessed by imaging techniques. This constellation of metabolic abnormalities increases the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus and of various cardiovascular outcomes. CVD indicates cardiovascular disease; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.



Thus, the mosaic of modifiable …

Body Fat Distribution and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease

Subcutaneous and visceral fat distribution according to sex, age, and overweight, evaluated by computed tomography.

Deep fat masses were evaluated by computed tomography (CT) in 15 patients with multiple symmetrical lipomatosis. In 4 patients, peritracheal accumulations of fat were observed. In 3 of them, tracheal compression by lipomatous tissue was demonstrated: 2 were asymptomatic and the third had severe respiratory insufficiency secondary to blockage of the airway by the vocal cords as the result of recurrent nerve palsy. In 6 patients, lipomatous tissue occupied the potential space between the spinal scapulae and the trapezius, supraspinatus, and infraspinatus muscles. In 2, calcification of lipomatous masses was observed. There was no relationship between extension of subcutaneous fat and accumulation at deep sites. CT facilitates early detection of peritracheal lipomatous tissue and is helpful in follow-up when deep fat accumulation is responsible for space-occupying lesions requiring surgery.

Computed tomography of deep fat masses in multiple symmetrical lipomatosis.

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

D Fiore

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Subcutaneous and visceral fat distribution according to sex, age, and overweight, evaluated by computed tomography.

Computed tomography of deep fat masses in multiple symmetrical lipomatosis.