This chapter discusses leading problems linked to energy that the world is now confronting and to propose some ideas concerning possible solutions. Oil deserves special attention among all energy sources. Since the beginning of 1981, it has merely been continuing and enhancing the downward movement in consumption and prices caused by excessive rises, especially for light crudes such as those from Africa, and the slowing down of worldwide economic growth. Densely-populated oil-producing countries need to produce to live, to pay for their food and their equipment. If the economic growth of the industrialized countries were to be 4%, even if investment in the rational use of energy were pushed to the limit and the development of nonpetroleum energy sources were also pursued actively, it would be extremely difficult to prevent a sharp rise in prices. It is evident that it is absolutely necessary to pursue actively the development of coal, natural gas, and nuclear power if a physical shortage of energy is not to block economic growth.

World energy outlook

SAPO-containing alumina CoMoNi-catalysts for hydrotreatment of heavy oil: Pore hierarchy as a key parameter for catalyst stabilization

Sapo-Containing Alumina Comoni-Catalysts for Hydrotreatment of Heavy Oil: Pore Hierarchy as a Key Parameter for Catalyst Stabilization

Direct multi-elemental imaging of freshly impregnated catalyst by Laser-Induced Breakdown Spectroscopy

Abstract A possibility of using aluminum hydroxide, a product of processing of the adsorbent that lost its sorption activity in purification of a polyethylene solution cyclohexane, was demonstrated in the synthesis of aluminum kaolin borate supports for hydrodesulfurization catalysis in oil refining. The influence of typical impurities V, Ti and Na in the composition of the spent adsorbent on the physicochemical and catalytic properties of supports and catalysts was determined. Alumina-kaolin-borate catalyst carriers with the Ti content of approx. 0.2% have been prepared by atomic layer deposition (ALD) of TiCl 4 onto the granules. A positive effect of molecular layering with TiO 2 has been revealed by temperature programmed reduction and oxidation in combination with hydrodesulphurization activity testing. Graphical Abstract 

Hydrodesulfurization Catalysts from Aluminium-Containing Waste

An in situ characterization methodology based on the magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) and Raman imaging is applied to investigate the effect of citric acid in the impregnation step of molybdenum catalysts promoted with cobalt in the presence of phosphorus and supported on γ-alumina. MRI provides temporal and spatial information of the transport of species of the impregnation solutions within the porosity with a spatial resolution of 39 × 39 µm. Raman imaging gives information about the chemical nature of the species deposited on the support with a spatial resolution of 16.2 × 16.2 µm. The effect of citric acid strongly depends on the ratio between the additive and molybdenum used in the impregnation solution. For a ratio of 0.2, at the end of impregnation, molybdenum ions are in an egg-yolk distribution either in polymeric or monomeric form. For a ratio of 0.7, cobalt ions can be either in the form of aqua complexes in an egg-yolk distribution or in the form of H2PMo11CoO405− heteropolyanion, which can improve the proximity between molybdenum and cobalt ions. This work gives new insights concerning the role of citric acid on the metal distribution profiles obtained at the end of impregnation, which can be used to control the final active phase distribution.

/pdf/impact-of-citric-acid-on-the-impregnation-of-comop-g-al-2-o-uhebfmnpjy.pdf

Impact of Citric Acid on the Impregnation of CoMoP/γ-Al 2 O 3 Catalysts: Time and Spatially Resolved MRI and Raman Imaging Study

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Impact of Citric Acid on the Impregnation of CoMoP/γ-Al 2 O 3 Catalysts: Time and Spatially Resolved MRI and Raman Imaging Study