Pyroclastic deposits from the 1883 eruption of Krakatau are described from areas northeast of the volcano on the islands of Sebesi, Sebuku, and Lagoendi, and the southeast coast of Sumatra. Massive and poorly stratified units formed predominantly from pyroclastic flows and surges that traveled over the sea for distances up to 80 km. Granulometric and lithologic characteristics of the deposits indicate that they represent the complement of proximal subaerial and submarine pyroclastic flow deposits laid down on and close to the Krakatau islands. The distal deposits exhibit a decrease in sorting coefficient, median grain size, and thickness with increasing distance from Krakatau. Crystal fractionation is consistent with the distal facies being derived from the upper part of gravitationally segregated pyroclastic flows in which the relative amount of crystal enrichment and abundance of dense lithic clasts diminished upwards. The deposits are correlated to a major pyroclastic flow phase that occurred on the morning of 27 August at approximately 10 a.m. Energetic flows spread out away from the volcano at speeds in excess of 100 km/h and traveled up to 80 km from source. The flows retained temperatures high enough to burn victims on the SW coast of Sumatra. Historical accounts from ships in the Sunda Straits constrain the area affected by the flows to a minimum of 4x103 km2. At the distal edge of this area the flows were relatively dilute and turbulent, yet carried enough material to deposit several tens of centimeters of tephra. The great mobility of the Krakatau flows from the 10 a.m. activity may be the result of enhanced runout over the sea. It is proposed that the generation of steam at the flow/seawater interface may have led to a reduction in the sedimentation of particles and consequently a delay in the time before the flows ceased lateral motion and became buoyantly convective. The buoyant distal edge of these ash-and steam-laden clouds lifted off into the atmosphere, leading to cooling, condensation, and mud rain.

Pyroclastic flows and surges over water: an example from the 1883 Krakatau eruption

https://www.colby.edu/geology/GE354/Long_et_al_Greenland_Ice_2011.pdf

Isolation basins, sea-level changes and the Holocene history of the Greenland Ice Sheet

Sea and Ocean Hazards, Risks and Disasters provides a scientific approach to those hazards and disasters related to the Earth's coasts and oceans. This is the first book to integrate scientific, social, and economic issues related to disasters such as hazard identification, risk analysis, and planning, relevant hazard process mechanics, discussions of preparedness, response, and recovery, and the economics of loss and remediation. Throughout the book cases studies are presented of historically relevant hazards and disasters as well as the many recent catastrophes. * Contains contributions from experts in the field selected by a world-renowned editorial board* Cutting-edge discussion of natural hazard topics that affect the lives and livelihoods of millions of humans worldwide* Numerous full-color tables, GIS maps, diagrams, illustrations, and photographs of hazardous processes in action will be included

Coastal and marine hazards, risks, and disasters

Around 8200 calBP, large parts of the now submerged North Sea continental shelf (‘Doggerland’) were catastrophically flooded by the Storegga Slide tsunami, one of the largest tsunamis known for the Holocene, which was generated on the Norwegian coastal margin by a submarine landslide. In the present paper, we derive a precise calendric date for the Storegga Slide tsunami, use this date for reconstruction of contemporary coastlines in the North Sea in relation to rapidly rising sea-levels, and discuss the potential effects of the tsunami on the contemporaneous Mesolithic population. One main result of this study is an unexpectedly high tsunami impact assigned to the western regions of Jutland.

/pdf/the-catastrophic-final-flooding-of-doggerland-by-the-4tl99z1dxv.pdf

The catastrophic final flooding of Doggerland by the Storegga Slide Tsunami.

Inundation of coastal areas by tsunamis during the 1883 eruption of Krakatau volcano led to the deposition of unusual pumice- enriched deposits. Fractal analysis of pumice shapes and lithologic characterization of the deposits suggest that the source of the abundant pumiceous material was widespread pumice rafts on the surface of the Sunda Straits that formed by fallout and pyroclastic flow activity. The rafts contained pumices rounded by particle-to- particle abrasion and were strongly depleted in dense components, such as lithics and crystals, by differential settling. Stranding of the floating pumice is inferred to have occurred during the receding phase of tsunamis after they had inundated low-lying coastal areas. Other pumice-bearing tsunami deposits contain significant amounts of coral fragments and nonvolcanic beach sediment. These units represent redeposition of beach and shallow-water sediments that were mixed with varying proportions of primary pyroclastic material. The Krakatau example illustrates the great diversity of lithofacies that may occur in deposits formed from volcanogenic tsunamis. Recognition of such deposits in coastal areas near centers of active explosive volcanism may provide an additional criterion with which to assess volcanic hazards.

Tsunami deposits from major explosive eruptions: An example from the 1883 eruption of Krakatau

Evidence for a tsunami from a mesolithic site in Inverness, Scotland

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Evidence for a tsunami from a mesolithic site in Inverness, Scotland