http://iopscience.iop.org/article/10.1088/0031-9155/18/3/001/pdf

Electron linear accelerators for radiation therapy: history, principles and contemporary developments

We discuss a new layout of a cavity chain (called superstructure) allowing, we hope, a significant cost reduction due to a simplification of the rf system of the TESLA linear collider. The proposed scheme increases the fill factor and thus makes an effective gradient of the accelerator higher. In this paper computations and preliminary measurements on existing copper models of the TESLA Test Facility accelerating structures are presented. A new copper model of the scheme has been ordered, made of four 7-cell standing wave cavities, which according to the results of computations and measurements seems to be the most promising version. Experiments with a beam will be necessary to prove that the proposed layout can be used for the acceleration.

/pdf/superconducting-superstructure-for-the-tesla-collider-a-1013htgirg.pdf

Superconducting superstructure for the TESLA collider: A concept

A variable frequency linear accelerator at RIKEN (IPCR), which is named RILAC, is designed to accelerate ions of almost every element in the periodic table In this report, the design, construction and performance of the resonator cavities of this linac are described A new accelerating structure was developed for the variable frequency scheme The principal aim of the development was to obtain a configuration within the cavity to keep a uniform voltage distribution along the accelerating axis over the wide range of resonant frequencies required The final form adopted is a coaxial quarter-wave type resonator with a race-track-like cross section for its coaxial inner and outer conductors It has a movable shorting device as a frequency tuner and its open end is enlarged and loaded with drift tubes, connected to the inner and outer conductors alternatingly The structure can maintain the required uniformity of the accelerating voltage within 10% in spite of resonant frequency tuning between 17 and 45 MHz A relatively modest accelerating gradient was chosen so that cw operation could be realized The RILAC is composed of six such cavities which are independently excited and it succeeded in the acceleration of a beam through all the cavities in 1981

Variable frequency heavy-ion linac, RILAC I. Design, construction and operation of its accelerating structure

Purpose: The design of a 3D in-line side-coupled 6 MV linac waveguide for medical use is given, and the effect of the side-coupling and port irises on the radio frequency (RF), beam dynamics, and dosimetric solutions is examined. This work was motivated by our research on a linac-MR hybrid system, where accurate electron trajectory information for a clinical medical waveguide in the presence of an external magnetic field was needed. Methods: For this work, the design of the linac waveguide was generated using the finite element method. The design outlined here incorporates the necessary geometric changes needed to incorporate a full-end accelerating cavity with a single-coupling iris, a waveguide-cavity coupling port iris that allows power transfer into the waveguide from the magnetron, as well as a method to control the RF field magnitude within the first half accelerating cavity into which the electrons from the gun are injected. Results: With the full waveguide designed to resonate at 2998.5{+-}0.1 MHz, a full 3D RF field solution was obtained. The accuracy of the 3D RF field solution was estimated through a comparison of important linac parameters (Q factor, shunt impedance, transit time factor, and resonant frequency) calculated for one accelerating cavity withmore » the benchmarked program SUPERFISH. It was found that the maximum difference between the 3D solution and SUPERFISH was less than 0.03%. The eigenvalue solver, which determines the resonant frequencies of the 3D side-coupled waveguide simulation, was shown to be highly accurate through a comparison with lumped circuit theory. Two different waveguide geometries were examined, one incorporating a 0.5 mm first side cavity shift and another with a 1.5 mm first side cavity shift. The asymmetrically placed side-coupling irises and the port iris for both models were shown to introduce asymmetries in the RF field large enough to cause a peak shift and skewing (center of gravity minus peak shift) of an initially cylindrically uniform electron beam accelerating within the waveguide. The shifting and skewing of the electron beam were found to be greatest due to the effects of the side-coupling irises on the RF field. A further Monte Carlo study showed that this effect translated into a 1% asymmetry in a 40x40 cm{sup 2} field dose profile. Conclusions: A full 3D design for an in-line side-coupled 6 MV linear accelerator that emulates a common commercial waveguide has been given. The effect of the side coupling on the dose distribution has been shown to create a slight asymmetry, but overall does not affect the clinical applicability of the linac. The 3D in-line side-coupled linac model further provides a tool for the investigation of linac performance within an external magnetic field, which exists in an integrated linac-MR system.« less

The design of a simulated in-line side-coupled 6 MV linear accelerator waveguide

• A submitted manuscript is the version of the article upon submission and before peer-review. There can be important differences between the submitted version and the official published version of record. People interested in the research are advised to contact the author for the final version of the publication, or visit the DOI to the publisher's website. • The final author version and the galley proof are versions of the publication after peer review. • The final published version features the final layout of the paper including the volume, issue and page numbers.

/pdf/generation-of-ultra-short-high-brightness-relativistic-2ud28mfqw0.pdf

Generation of ultra-short, high brightness relativistic electron bunches

The behavior of standing wave accelerator tanks, made up of chains of resonant cavities, is investigated using a coupled resonator model. This model gives accurate predictions of the behavior of such a cavity chain, including tolerances to errors in manufacture, cavity feed distributions, and transient response. The parameters necessary in the theory, the cavity couplings, Q's, and frequencies, may easily be determined by experiment. Extension of the simple chain to a more complex chain with double periodicity and second nearest neighbor coupling is demonstrated. Advantages of operating such accelerators in the π/2 mode are shown.

Coupled Resonator Model for Standing Wave Accelerator Tanks

The electrical behavior of long linac tanks can be represented by the behavior of a finite chain of coupled harmonic oscillators.1 A theory is given of chains of oscillators of two kinds, which is appropriate for semi-resonant or resonant coupling structures.2 The perturbation theory given previously is extended to predict the effects of errors in the coupling cells and in the main cells.2 Some advantages of ?/2 mode operation of the double chain are discussed. A new accelerating scheme is presented in which the coupling structures are resonant and the tanks are resonantly coupled. The theory, numerical calculations, and measurements on laboratory models3 all indicate that tolerances on power amplifier voltage and phase can be relaxed by as much as a factor of five.

/pdf/electrical-behavior-of-long-linac-tanks-and-a-new-tank-4dshq8swv9.pdf

Electrical Behavior of Long Linac Tanks and a New Tank-Coupling Scheme

Recent advances in linear accelerator technology point to the feasibility of designing and developing practical medical linacs for producing protons, neutrons, or pi mesons for the radiation therapy of cancer. Additional uses of such linacs could include radioisotope production and charged particle radiography. For widespread utilization medical linacs must exhibit reasonable cost, compactness, reliability, and simplicity of operation. Possible extensions of current accelerator technology which might provide these characteristics are discussed in connection with linac design, fabrication techniques, materials, power sources, injectors, and particle collection and delivery systems. Parameters for a medical proton linac for producing pions are listed.

Light Ion Linacs for Medical Applications

Advances in the Design of Proton Linear Accelerators - Meson Factories and Injectors for Synchrotrons

The performance of existing linear accelerators has improved dramatically in the last few years as a result of redesign of the injector. The peak beams available surpass in intensity and quality those from other accelerators. Usually the operation has been pulsed, with a low duty factor. However, the recently developed accelerating structures now make it attractive to raise the average beam power by several orders of magnitude. New possibilities are apparent for the use of such beams for research in nuclear physics and other sciences.

Linear Accelerators for Protons: New Developments: Some recent developments have made feasible proton accelerators of much higher power than earlier models.

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