Thidizuron (TDZ) is among the most active cytokinin-like substances for woody plant tissue culture. It facilitates efficient micropropagation of many recalcitrant woody species. Low concentrations (<1 µM) can induce greater axillary proliferation than many other cytokinins; however, TDZ may inhibit shoot elongation. In some cases it is necessary to transfer shoots to an elongation medium containing a lower level of TDZ and/or a less active cytokinin. At concentrations higher than 1 µM, TDZ can stimulate the formation of callus, adventitious shoots or somatic embryos. Subsequent rooting of microshoots may be unaffected or slightly inhibited by prior exposure to TDZ. The main undesirable side effect of TDZ is that cultures of some species occasionally form fasciated shoots. The high cytokinin activity and positive response of woody species to TDZ have established it as among the most active cytokinins forin vitro manipulation of many woody species.

Thidiazuron: a potent cytokinin for woody plant tissue culture

https://www.cell.com/trends/biotechnology/pdf/S0167-7799(97)01171-2.pdf

Insect-resistant transgenic plants

https://www.erudit.org/fr/revues/phyto/1998-v79-n4-phyto3368/706169ar.pdf

Transgenic Plants for Insect Resistance

Over the past several years, particle bombardment has evolved into a useful tool for molecular biologists, allowing direct gene transfer to a broad range of cell and tissue types. Some of the important applications of the process include the production of transgenic crop species including maize and soybean and the introduction of DNA into plastids and mitochondria. Recent results have extended the range of gene transfer by particle bombardment to animal and bacterial cells. One noteworthy newer application is the direct insertion of genes into the organs of living animals. Here we discuss these advances and the instrument developments that contributed to them.

Transformation of microbes, plants and animals by particle bombardment

The aim of this study was to test the potential of proteinase inhibitors to controlChrysomela tremulae, a beetle that causes severe damage in young plantations and in short-rotation intensive culture (SRIC) of poplar. As a first step, cysteine proteinases were determined to be the major digestive proteinases ofC. tremulae and oryzacystatin OCI, a cysteine proteinase inhibitor, was shown to inhibit this activityin vitro. The gene encoding OCI was introduced into poplar (Populus tremula ×P. tremuloides) and transgenic plants expressing OCI at a high level were selected. Feeding tests on these transgenic plants demonstrate the toxicity of OCI-producing poplar leaves againstC. tremulae larvae.

Toxicity to Chrysomela tremulae (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) of transgenic poplars expressing a cysteine proteinase inhibitor

Three different target tissues (protoplast-derived cells, nodules, and stems) and two unrelated hybrid genotypes of Populus (P. alba x P. grandidentata ‘Crandon’ and P. nigra ‘Betulifolia’ x P. trichocarpa) have been stably transformed by electric discharge particle acceleration using a 18.7 kb plasmid containing NOS-NPT, CaMV 35S-GUS, and CaMV 35S-BT. Four transformed plants of one hybrid genotype, NC5339, containing all 3 genes were recovered and analyzed. Two expressed GUS and one was highly resistant to feeding by 2 lepidopteran pests (the forest tent caterpillar, Malacosoma disstria, and the gypsy moth, Lymantria dispar.) Pretreatment of the target tissues, fine-tuning of the bombardment parameters, and the use of a selection technique employing flooding of the target tissues were important for reliable recovery of transformed plants.

Stable transformation of Populus and incorporation of pest resistance by electric discharge particle acceleration.

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Stable transformation of Populus and incorporation of pest resistance by electric discharge particle acceleration.