Publisher Summary This chapter describes sterile insect techniques (SIT). It is a biologically based method for the control of key insect pests. Wild female insects inseminated by released, radiation-sterilized males do not reproduce, and repeated releases of the sterilized insects lead to a reduction in pest population numbers. Effective control using sterile insects is achieved when they are used systematically as part of area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) programs. SIT is species-specific, nonpolluting, and resistance-free. Since the original concept was developed in the United States in the 1940s, SIT has been used successfully for screwworm flies, tsetse flies, fruit flies, and moths. Technical progress in behavioral ecology, mass rearing, strain improvement, global information, positioning and monitoring systems, and aerial release, combined with economies of scale and a growing demand for pest-free and low-pesticide agricultural products in local and international trade, have increased the use of SIT in AW-IPM programs. These programs, by decreasing insecticide use, have also facilitated the use of biological control agents against secondary insect pests.

/pdf/sterile-insect-technique-xi6er5rwhs.pdf

Sterile Insect Technique

Publisher Summary This chapter describes that any study of genetic variations modify embryogenesis can be approached with two objectives in mind. On the one hand, one might emphasize the embryological aspects of such studies by concentrating on how mutation-produced modifications of particular embryological events can help to elucidate the developmental interactions involved, and aid in the search for the cellular and biochemical mechanisms that are fundamental to them. On the other hand, one might emphasize the genetic aspects of investigating such mutations. The purpose of this chapter to examine how the study of genetic variations that affect embryogenesis in drosophila has in the past contributed, and may in the future contribute, to an understanding of the precise nature of gene action in development. The ultimate goal is, of course, an understanding of the mechanisms that integrate the activities of both the genome and the cytoplasm such that development regularly proceeds from one state of determination and differentiation to the next.

The genetics of embryogenesis in Drosophila.

Publisher Summary This chapter discusses the genetic effects of radiations that throw light on the mechanisms involved or upon the nature of the genetic changes and of the gene itself. The genetically effective radiations are of two kinds: ionizing and nonionizing. The ionizing radiations are the α-radiations, β-radiations, and γ-radiations of radioactive substances, X-rays, protons, and neutrons. The only effective nonionizing radiation is ultraviolet light. The principal means of energy dissipation by an ionizing radiation in its passage through matter is the ejection of electrons from atoms through which it passes. The biological action of radiation is most plausibly attributed to the chemical change resulting from the ionization. Since the chemical bonds that hold a molecule together are constituted by electrons shared between the two atoms joined by the bond, the removal of a bonding electron is likely to lead to its dissociation or to other chemical change. The removal of electrons other than the bonding ones is also likely to lead to chemical change, since the energy involved in ionization greatly exceeds that is required to remove an atom from the mo1ecule.

Genetic effects of radiations.

The use of the sterile insect technique (SIT) for insect control relies on the introduction of sterility in the females of the wild population. This sterility is produced following the mating of these females with released males carrying, in their sperm, dominant lethal mutations that have been induced by ionizing radiation. The reasons why the SIT can only be effective when the induced sterility in the released males is in the form of dominant lethal mutations, and not some form of sperm inactivation, are discussed, together with the relationship of dominant lethal mutations to dose, sex, developmental stage and the particular species. The combination of genetic sterility with that induced by radiation is also discussed in relation to the use of genetic sexing strains of the Mediterranean fruit fly Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann) in area-wide integrated pest management (AW-IPM) programmes that integrate the SIT. A case is made to lower the radiation dose used in such programmes so as to produce a more competitive sterile insect. Increased competitiveness can also be achieved by using different radiation environments. As well as radiation-induced sterility, natural mechanisms can be recruited, especially the use of hybrid sterility exemplified by a successful field trial with tsetse flies Glossina spp. in the 1940s. Genetic transformation will make some impact on the SIT, especially regarding the introduction of markers for released flies, and the construction of genetic sexing strains. It is concluded that using a physical process, such as radiation, will always have significant advantages over genetic and other methods of sterilization for the large-scale application of the SIT.

Genetic Basis of the Sterile Insect Technique

The Role of Genetic Damage in Radiation-Induced Cell Lethality

The rate of X-ray induction of dominant lethals in the sperm of the Oregon-R stock ofDrosophila melanogaster is, at low doses, 12% per 1000 r. for death in the embryo stage, and 20% per 1000 r. for death at any stage between the zygote and the adult. At higher doses of X-rays both rates increase. Over the whole dose range, therefore, the doseaction curve does not fit a single-hit type of action, though this is approximated at low doses. The rate of depression of the sex ratio of females to males, founded on our own and other data, is about 2·5% per 1000 r.

The rate of induction of dominant lethals inDrosophila melanogaster sperm by X-rays

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The rate of induction of dominant lethals inDrosophila melanogaster sperm by X-rays