Pressurized liquid extraction as a green approach in food and herbal plants extraction: A review.

The principles of green chemistry are applied to not only chemical engineering and synthesis, but also increasingly analytical chemistry. We describe environment-friendly analytical techniques applied to isolate and to enrich trace organic pollutants from solid and aqueous samples. Amounts of organic solvents used in analytical laboratories are reduced by applying solventless extraction, extraction using other types of solvent, assisted solvent extraction and miniaturized analytical systems.

Green analytical chemistry in sample preparation for determination of trace organic pollutants

Theoretical basis, equipment, and some practical considerations regarding the use of a new extraction technique, Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE), are presented. ASE is quite a new technique, but its use has so far been limited due to its high cost. This review attempts to summarize some aspects of the theory, results, and conclusions of research related to ASE found in the literature. Applications of this technique to the extraction of various environmental pollutants from solid samples are presented. Finally, the comparisons of ASE to other extraction techniques and its advantages and disadvantages are discussed. Classic techniques of analyte isolation from solid samples (such as Soxhlet extraction, flask extraction) are tedious and time-consuming, which lowers the sample throughput. Accelerated Solvent Extraction is a fully automated technique, so it could be especially useful for routine analyses of environmental pollutants and food.

Accelerated Solvent Extraction (ASE) in the Analysis of Environmental Solid Samples — Some Aspects of Theory and Practice

Establishing simple, fast, low-cost, sensitive and selective analytical methods for extraction and determination of pollutants in the environment is one of the main lines of research in environmental chemistry. Recent studies have demonstrated that micellar systems (surfactant solutions) constitute a real alternative to organic solvents for use as extractants of organic pollutants from liquid and solid environmental samples.

This article is an overview of the use of micellar systems in the extraction/pre-concentration of different organic pollutants. Specifically, it discusses the application of the cloud-point extraction (CPE) and microwave-assisted micellar extraction (MAME) methodologies to the extraction and pre-concentration of organic pollutants, such as polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs) and phenolic derivatives, from environmental matrices. These studies show the advantages of these optimised methodologies over the traditional extraction techniques.

The use of micellar systems in the extraction and pre-concentration of organic pollutants in environmental samples

Template removal is a critical step in the preparation of most molecularly imprinted polymers (MIPs). The polymer network itself and the affinity of the imprinted cavities for the template make its removal hard. If there are remaining template molecules in the MIPs, less cavities will be available for rebinding, which decreases efficiency. Furthermore, if template bleeding occurs during analytical applications, errors will arise. Despite the relevance to the MIPs performance, template removal has received scarce attention and is currently the least cost-effective step of the MIP development. Attempts to reach complete template removal may involve the use of too drastic conditions in conventional extraction techniques, resulting in the damage or the collapse of the imprinted cavities. Advances in the extraction techniques in the last decade may provide optimized tools. The aim of this review is to analyze the available data on the efficiency of diverse extraction techniques for template removal, paying attention not only to the removal yield but also to MIPs performance. Such an analysis is expected to be useful for opening a way to rational approaches for template removal (minimizing the costs of solvents and time) instead of the current trial-and-error methods.

To Remove or Not to Remove? The Challenge of Extracting the Template to Make the Cavities Available in Molecularly Imprinted Polymers (MIPs)

L'extraction acceleree par solvant (ASE) travaille a haute temperature et sous pression pour accelerer le processus d'extraction et ameliorer l'efficacite. Cet article presente les resultats compares entre les methodes Soxhlet et l'ASE sur des echantillons de briques de cheminees, poussieres urbaines et cendres volantes contenant des polychloro-p-dioxines (PCDDs) et polychlorodibenzofuranes (PCDEs). Les resultats obtenus par l'ASE sont equivalents a ceux du Soxhlet. Les quantites de solvant mise en jeu et les temps d'extraction sont plus faibles avec l'ASE que pour les autres techniques couramment utilisees.

Extraction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans from environmental samples using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE)

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Extraction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans from environmental samples using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE)

Extraction of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans from environmental samples using accelerated solvent extraction (ASE)