Differences in weed seedling emergence patterns due to agronomic practices, such as tillage, have implications for weed competition and weed management strategies. The effect of different tillage systems, including conventional tillage, minimum tillage and zero-tillage, on the emergence pattern of different weed species was evaluated in a field experiment in the wet (rainfed) seasons of 2007 and 2008. In both years, seedling emergence of Digitaria ciliaris, Echinochloa colona, Eleusine indica, Ageratum conyzoides, Eclipta prostrata and Portulaca oleracea was greater in zero-tillage compared with either conventional or minimum tillage where the seedling emergence was similar. The emergence of Rottboellia cochinchinensis was not influenced by the tillage system. Tillage had different effects on Mimosa pudica emergence in the two seasons. The results will facilitate improved decision making with respect to the timing of weed control and contribute to the development of integrated weed management practices for dry seeded, rainfed rice.

Influence of tillage systems on weed seedling emergence pattern in rainfed rice

R KHAKZAD*, M T ALEBRAHIM*, A TOBEH*, M OVEISI† , R VALIOLAHPOR‡ & T M TSENG§ *Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Faculty of Agriculture and Natural Resources, University of Mohaghegh Ardabili, Ardebil, Iran, †Department of Agronomy and Plant Breeding, Agriculture and Natural Resource Campus, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran, ‡Department of Plant Pests and Diseases, Mazandaran Agriculture and Natural Resources Research Center, Sari, Iran, and §Department of Plant and Soil Sciences, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS, USA

Effects of different management practices on Portulaca oleracea emergence in soyabean

Phosphorus is vital to plant growth and its functions cannot be performed by any other nutrients. The adequate supply of P is required for optimum growth and reproduction. Phosphorus is classified as a major nutrient meaning that it is frequently deficient for crop production and is required by crop in relatively large amount. Field experiments were conducted during 2 seasons (summer 2016-2017) to investigate the effect of P level on growth of purslane throughout 3 stages (vegetative, flowering and fruiting). The results of this study revealed that, in the first season, the mean values of total leaves, axis length, leaf area, fresh weight of leaves and flowers number were significantly increased with increased of the level of P. In the second season for the three stages (vegetative, flowering and fruiting) the results revealed that numbers of branches, leaves in each branch and total leaves were significantly decreased when P level increased, while axis length, leaves area, flowers number fresh and dry weights of leaves were significantly increased with increasing in P level.

Assessment the effect of phosphorus on plant growth of purslane (Portulaca oleracea L.)

One of the most important environmental stresses is drought that great effect on plant grow and metabolism. In this study, drought stress effect on germination and inorganic elements content in leaves of medical plant Purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.) were study. This plant as an Antiseptic, Antispasmodic, Diuretic, and Blood Filtering has medical application. Drought stress imposed by polyethylene glycol 6000 on seedlings and experiments in completely random model framework and with 3 replications performed. Drought levels imposed consist of Blank (distilled water), -0/1 -0/2 ,-0/4 ,-0/6, -0/8 and -1 MPa. In relation with germination, observed that with increasing of drought level, germination percent was decreased, but this decrement was not meaningful in statistical level of 0/01, which indication of high resistant Purslane than to drought stress in germination stage. But in relation with inorganic elements in Purslane leaves, meaningful increase of Sodium, and meaningful decrement of Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, Manganese, and Iron content with increase of drought level, was observed (P>0/01). In relation to sodium concentration, the highest content in level of -1 MPa and the least concentration in blank level, was observed.The highest concentration of potassium in -0/2 MPa and the least concentration in -1 MPa, observed. Also, the highest and least concentration of calcium, magnesium, manganese and iron observed in blank level and -1 MPa level, orderly.

/pdf/effect-of-different-levels-of-drought-stress-peg-6000-4f58suprry.pdf

Effect of Different Levels of Drought Stress (PEG 6000 Concentrations) On Seed Germination and Inorganic Elements Content in Purslane (Portulaca oleraceae L.) Leaves

Weed seed banks reflect past weed populations and management practices and are the source of weed infestations to come. The factors affecting weed seed germination, however, are often poorly understood. Depleting the soil seed bank and influencing germination patterns are common goals of enduring cultural weed management practices. Greater understanding of the factors influencing the germination of weed seeds could facilitate the development of more effective cultural weed management practices through either suppressing germination or encouraging germination at times when seedlings can be readily controlled. Such cultural methods may contribute to overcoming problems such as feral crops (e.g., weedy rice), crop volunteers, and the evolution of herbicide resistance in weeds that have, in some systems, increased to a point where the lack of sustainable practices is a threat to productivity. Weed seed germination is commonly influenced by light exposure, soil moisture, burial depth through tillage, the use of mulches, fire for land clearance, and flooding of the soil. Harnessing these factors to influence germination can serve as major entry points for improved weed management. Diverse crop production systems provide a wide range of examples to illustrate how recent advances in the understanding of the responses of weed seed germination can be used to develop new and sustainable cultural management of weeds. Crop management practices, such as adopting no-till crops or delaying tillage, that increase weed seed exposure to predators (ants, beetles, etc.) could be incorporated into integrated weed management programs. Retention of crop residue on the soil surface under no-till systems can suppress weed seedling emergence, delay the time of emergence, and allow the crop to gain an advantage over weeds, and reduce the need for control. Rotation of tillage or crop establishment system could also be adopted to deflect the “trajectories” of likely weed population shifts. In rice, flooding after herbicide application or hand weeding can largely prevent the growth of weeds and reduce the need for further interventions.

The role of seed ecology in improving weed management strategies in the tropics

Germination biology of Portulaca oleracea L.

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Germination biology of Portulaca oleracea L.