Abstract Meteorological conditions leading to the crash of an airliner short of the runway of a New York airport were studied. Thunderstorm downdrafts much stronger than those measured on the 1946–47 Thunderstorm Project were found. These exceptional downdrafts have been designated as “downbursts.” The violent cloud systems that produce downburst cells can be identified in the form of forward extensions of radar echoes designated as “spearhead echoes” which move with unusual speed. The development of downburst cells appears to he tied in with overshooting tops of clouds at the anvil level.

"Spearhead Echo and Downburst in the Crash of an Airliner," Monthly Weather Review, Vol. 105 (2), p. 129-146 [submitted June 1976, published February 1977].

The effects of lightning on a Digital Fly-By-Wire (DFBW)aircraft control system were investigated. The aircraft was a NASA operated F-8 fitted with a modified Apollo guidance computer. Current pulses similar in waveshape to natural lightning, but lower in amplitude, were injected into the aircraft. Measurements were made of the voltages induced on the DFBW circuits, the total current induced on the bundles of wires, the magnetic field intensity inside the aircraft, and the current density on the skin of the aircraft. Voltage measurements were made in both the line-to-ground and line-to-line modes. Voltages measured at the non-destructive test level were then scaled upward to determine how much would be produced by actual lightning. A 200,000 ampere severe lightning flash would produce between 40 and 2000 volts in DFBW circuits. Some system components are expected to be vulnerable to these voltages.

Lightning effects on the NASA F-8 digital fly-by-wire airplane

A series of approaches using airline-rated Boeing 737 pilots in an FAA qualified simulator has been conducted. The test matrices include both manual and coupled approaches for VFR, Category I and Category II conditions. A nonintrusive oculometer system was used to track the pilot's eye-point-of-regard throughout the approach. The results indicate that, in general, the pilots use a different scan technique for the manual and coupled (auto-pilot with manual throttle) conditions. For the manual approach 73 percent of the time was spent on the Flight Director and 13 percent on airspeed as opposed to 50 percent on Flight Director and 23 percent on airspeed for the coupled approaches. For the visual portion of approach from less than 100 m (300 ft) to touchdown or when the touchdown point came into view, the pilots tend to fixate on their aim or touchdown area until the flare initiation, at which time they let their eye-point-of-regard move up the runway to use the centerline lights for rollout guidance.

Airline pilot scanning behavior during approaches and landing in a Boeing 737 simulator

/pdf/wind-shear-and-clear-air-turbulence-1qbj4t5yu5.pdf

Wind Shear and Clear Air Turbulence

The conventional landing technique for most aircraft involves a constant speed approach along a well denned glidepath. The speed is selected to maintain an adequate margin above the stall. Allowance is made for wind conditions. At the beginning of the landing approach a pilot is quoted a nominal mean surface windspeed and direction by radio contact with the airfield control tower. The local controller is provided with a conventional meteorological office dial-reading anemometer but, because of other duties, does not monitor it continuously.

https://www.cambridge.org/core/services/aop-cambridge-core/content/view/6C11600FCD793D0D2DFA6891C71D339C/S0001924000034278a.pdf/div-class-title-a-brief-study-of-airspeed-fluctuations-on-the-landing-approach-in-relation-to-reported-and-measured-surface-wind-conditions-div.pdf

A brief study of airspeed fluctuations on the landing approach in relation to reported and measured surface wind conditions

This bibliography of 326 readily usable references of basic and applied research programs related to the various areas of aviation meteorology was assembled. A literature search was conducted which surveyed the major abstract publications such as the International Aerospace Abstracts, the Meteorological and Geoastrophysical Abstracts, and the Scientific and Technical Aerospace Reports. In addition, NASA and DOT computer literature searches were run; and NASA, NOAA, and FAA research project managers were requested to provide writeups on their ongoing research.

/pdf/current-research-on-aviation-weather-bibliography-1pndq0utua.pdf

Current research on aviation weather (bibliography)

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Current research on aviation weather (bibliography)