The occurrence of background clutter is an on-going issue in the development of electro- optical sensors and seekers. Clutter varies with many parameters, which makes it costly to utilize measured data. Modeled backgrounds must be tested, however, to determine if the clutter they generate is realistic. The study reported here was performed with several goals: (1) to develop a methodology for studying clutter; (2) to compare the clutter levels from different scene elements; (3) study variations in spectral bandpass and in atmospheric visibility; and, (4) to study the effect of varying model sophistication on clutter. The last goal is one which has not previously been studied, to our knowledge. These results give model developers guidance on what model elements deserve the most resources. The present study focused on a generic reticle seeker, such as would be used in a tactical missile. The backgrounds studied were of tree-lines horizons, sun-heated rocks, and broken clouds, in four spectral bands within the 1 to 12 micron infrared region. Atmospheric haze levels were varied from 1 km to 23 km visibility. For these computations, the order of importance to clutter levels was, (1) scene type, (2) model sophistication level, and (3) haze. Strong variations with spectral band were also noted, although bands could not be compared fairly.© (1993) COPYRIGHT SPIE--The International Society for Optical Engineering. Downloading of the abstract is permitted for personal use only.

Sensitivity study for clutter from reticle seekers

The presence of clouds affects most infrared (IR) military sensors. Foreground clouds degrade or occult target signatures and background clouds clutter a scene. Models used to assess or predict system performance must include important features of clouds: absorption, single and multiple scattering, thermal emission, partial transmission and spatial non-uniformity. Exact models which account for the details of cloud microphysics require large computation times and inputs which are difficult to obtain. Aerodyne has developed an approximate model which produces realistic cloud scenes in a reasonable amount of computer time. An average optical depth for the cloud is first calculated by use of LOWTRAN6 with specified aerosol optical properties. These properties are combined with a multiple scattering model which uses a two stream approximation. This model assumes that 1) the cloud layer is a parallel plane and infinite, 2) there is a constant single scattering albedo which may be wavelength dependent, 3) there is local thermodynamic equilibrium between particles and atmospheric gases, and 4) there is a uniform cloud temperature and emissivity. The result is an average cloud radiance spectrum along a specified line-of-sight. The line-of-sight may be up-looking or down-looking, and up to two cloud layers may be present. Spatial non-uniformities are incorporated by use of a cloud texture model based on a 1/f spectral shaping of spatial variations. The final scene including the effect of the atmospheric path from the cloud to the observer is in-band integrated and recorded as a grid of radiances with an associated depth map for use in a target/background interface model.

Synthetic IR Cloud Image Model

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Synthetic IR Cloud Image Model