Here Z, a 60 TW/5 MJ electrical accelerator located at Sandia National Laboratories, has been used to implode tungsten wire-array Z pinches. These arrays consisted of large numbers of tungsten wires (120–300) with wire diameters of 7.5 to 15 μm placed in a symmetric cylindrical array. The experiments used array diameters ranging from 1.75 to 4 cm and lengths from 1 to 2 cm. A 2 cm long, 4 cm diam tungsten array consisting of 240, 7.5 μm diam wires (4.1 mg mass) achieved an x-ray power of ∼200 TW and an x-ray energy of nearly 2 MJ. Spectral data suggest an optically thick, Planckian-like radiator below 1000 eV. One surprising experimental result was the observation that the total radiated x-ray energies and x-ray powers were nearly independent of pinch length. These data are compared with two-dimensional radiation magnetohydrodynamic code calculations.

Tungsten wire-array Z-pinch experiments at 200 TW and 2 MJ

A deuterium gas-puff load imploded by a multi-MA current driver from a large initial diameter could be a powerful source of fusion neutrons, a plasma neutron source (PNS). Unlike the beam-target neutrons produced in Z-pinch plasmas in the 1950s and deuterium-fiber experiments in the 1980s, the neutrons generated in deuterium gas-puffs with current levels achieved in recent experiments on the Z facility at Sandia National Laboratories could contain a substantial fraction of thermonuclear origin. For recent deuterium gas-puff shots on Z, our analytic estimates and one- and two-dimensional simulations predict thermal neutron yields ∼3×1013, in fair agreement with the yields recently measured on Z [C. A. Coverdale et al., Phys. Plasmas (to be published)]. It is demonstrated that the hypothesis of a beam-target origin of the observed fusion neutrons implies a very high Z-pinch-driver-to-fast-ions energy transfer efficiency, 5 to 10%, which would make a multi-MA deuterium Z-pinch the most efficient light-ion ac...

Z-pinch plasma neutron sources

Doubling the number of tungsten wires from 120 to 240, keeping the mass fixed, increased the radiated X-ray power relative to the electrical power at the insulator stack of the Z accelerator by (35/spl plusmn/15)% for 8.75- and 20-mm radii Z-pinch wire arrays. One-dimensional radiation magneto hydrodynamic calculations suggest that the arrays were operating in a quasi "plasma-shed" regime, where the plasma generated by the individual wires partially merge prior to the inward implosion of the entire array.

Wire number doubling in high-wire-number regime increases Z-accelerator X-ray power

A Saturn accelerator study of annular, aluminum-wire-array, Z-pinch implosions in the calculated high-wire-number plasma-shell regime [Phys Rev Lett 77, 5063 (1996)] shows that a factor of 2 decrease in pulse width and an associated doubling of the total radiated x-ray power occurs when the mass of 12 mm radius, 2 cm long array is reduced from above 19 mg to below 13 mg The study utilized extensive time- and space-resolved measurements to characterize the implosion over the mass range 042–34 mg Eulerian radiation-magnetohydrodynamic-code simulations in the r-z plane agree qualitatively with the measurements They suggest that the pulse-width decrease with mass is due to the faster implosion velocity of the plasma shell relative to the growth of the shell thickness that arises from a two-stage development of the magnetic Rayleigh–Taylor instability Over the bulk of the mass-range explored, the variation in K-shell (lines plus free-bound continuum) yield is in qualitative agreement with simple K-shell radiation-scaling models These models indicate that the doubling of the measured K-shell yield, which also occurs for masses below 13 mg relative to masses above 19 mg, arises from increased plasma temperature

Increased x-ray power generated from low-mass large-number aluminum-wire-array Z-pinch implosions

"ETIGO-IV," a new repetitive pulsed-power generator, has been developed. It is capable of delivering, to a matched load, an output pulse of 400 kV in peak voltage, 13 kA in peak current, and 120 ns in pulse length, at the repetition rate of 1 Hz. It is aimed at applications to material development, pulsed ion-beam acceleration, and high-power microwave generation. This paper reports the design details and operation results of "ETIGO-IV," as well as the initial experimental results on electron beam generation.

Repetitive pulsed-power generator "ETIGO-IV"

Particle Beam Fusion Accelerator II is a light‐ion fusion accelerator that is presently capable of irradiating a 6‐mm‐diam sphere with ∼50 kJ of 5.5‐MeV protons in ∼15 ns. An array of particle and x‐ray diagnostics fielded on proton Inertial Confinement Fusion target experiments quantifies the incident particle beam and the subsequent target response. An overview of the ion and target diagnostic setup and capabilities will be given in the context of recent proton beam experiments aimed at studying soft x‐ray emission from foam‐filled targets and the hydrodynamic response of exploding‐pusher targets. Ion beam diagnostics indicate ∼100 kJ of proton beam energy incident within a 1.2‐cm radius of the center of the diode with an azimuthal uniformity which varied between 6% and 29%. Foam‐filled target temperatures of 35 eV and closure velocities of 4 cm/μs were measured.

ICF target diagnostics on PBFA II (invited)

PBFA II is a light-ion fusion accelerator that is presently capable of irradiating a 6-mm-diameter sphere with {approximately}50 kJ of 5.5-MeV protons in {approximately}15 ns. An array of particle and x-ray diagnostics fielded on proton ICF target experiments quantifies the incident particle beam and the subsequent target response. An overview of the ion and target diagnostic setup and capabilities will be given in the context of recent proton beam experiments aimed at studying soft x-ray emission from foam-filled targets and the hydrodynamic response of exploding-pusher targets. Ion beam diagnostics indicate {approximately}100 kilojoules of proton beam energy incident within a 1.2-cm radius of the center of the diode with an azimuthal uniformity which varied between 6--29%. Foam-filled target temperatures of 35 eV and closure velocities of 4 cm/{mu}s were measured.

ICF target diagnostics on PBFA II

We performed experiments using proton beams to heat foam‐filled cylinders on the Particle Beam Fusion Acceleration II. Preliminary analysis of these diagnostic results provides reasonable agreement between prediction and experiment. The diagnostic package allowed us to benchmark target response as well as diagnose driver performance. Soft x‐ray images, both time and space resolved, and the results of broadband spectral measurements on bolometers and x‐ray diodes provide qualitative agreement with LASNEX predictions of target features such as Au motion and soft x‐ray emission profile. The analysis is consistent with a total beam deposition of 40–50 kJ and power depositions of approximately 180 TW/g. Estimates of target motion confirm the ability of the foam to retard wall motion.

Comparison of experimental results and calculated detector responses for PBFA II thermal source experiments

In recent proton beam experiments on PBFA‐II, foam‐filled gold targets and gas‐filled spherical exploding pushers were shot as physics targets. Surrounding these targets were gold foils used to characterize the beam. The target fabrication and characterization are presented in this paper.

Proton beam targets shot on PBFA‐II

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Papers

ICF target diagnostics on PBFA II (invited)

ICF target diagnostics on PBFA II

Comparison of experimental results and calculated detector responses for PBFA II thermal source experiments

Proton beam targets shot on PBFA‐II