The computational capability of automatically determining the optimal control strategies for pressurized water reactor core maneuvering, in terms of an operating strategy generator (OSG), has been ...

Pressurized Water Reactor Core Maneuvering Utilizing Optimal Control Theory

A multilevel method is applied to the load-following control of a boiling water reactor using a nodal reactor model with practical operational constraints and thermal limits. Due to the very large size of the problem, a decomposition is made using hierarchical control techniques. The optimization of the resulting subproblems is performed using the feasible direction method. An objective functional, of quadratic form, is defined to reflect the control objective, namely to achieve the desired thermal power (tracking) with minimum effort, returning to the initial xenon and iodine concentration as closely as possible. Nodal source equation and discretized Xe-I dynamic equations are formulated as equality constraints, while the linear heat generation rate and the rate of power increase are formulated as inequality constraints. Core flow and control rod position are the control variables. A simplified model of the core is used, with 4 x 4 fuel assemblies that have one control rod at the center.

Optimal control of a boiling water reactor in load-following via multilevel methods

Optimal control techniques can be classified into four categories: heuristic, variational, dynamic programming, and functional analysis. The heuristic method is an intuitive or “common sense” appro...

Practicality of and benefits from the applications of optimal control to pressurized water reactor maneuvers

A two-group diffusion-theory heterogeneous reactor model in two-dimensional plane geometry is developed for optimal control analysis with xenon and samarium feedback. The resulting system equations are linearized around an equilibrium operating point, which is determined with the steady-state form of the original nonlinear system equations. A poisonless criticality analysis is also carried out to determine the optimal spacing between the fuel rods and to see the effect of including the control rods. The problem of optimally controlling xenon-induced spatial flux oscillations is then formulated as a linear-regulator problem of optimal control theory. A numerical example for a graphite-moderated reactor illustrates the theoretical analysis.

Optimal Xenon Control in Heterogeneous Reactors

The fuzzy logic controller was developed to control load-follow operations in pressurized water reactors. The reactor core characteristics change according to different fuel cycles or core exposures, thus making a nonlinear time-varying control problem. This proposed method, however, does not require a mathematical model to design the controller, and so avoids redesigning or tuning controller gain for various cores. Clearly, this method is very suitable for reactor load-following operation control. The control system has two subsystems: one is to track the desired power, and the other is to keep axial offset close to the target value. Both controllers use fuzzy logic: one is the conventional type, and the other uses fuzzy logic to tune the parameters of the controller so the controller can correspond to various core characteristics. Simulation results show that the control system performs well for different cores, and so this system is useful for load-follow operation.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.1080/18811248.1994.9735171

Application of Fuzzy Logic Controller to Load-Follow Operations in Pressurized Water Reactors.

A method for developing maneuvering control strategies using optimal control theory is presented. A computer code, OPXENON, based on Pontryagin’s Principle, has been written, tested, and applied to...

The Development of Maneuvering Strategies Using Optimal Control Theory

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The Development of Maneuvering Strategies Using Optimal Control Theory