Unbalances due to faults and line switching have traditionally been calculated using symmetrical components. By contrast, compensation methods or their mathematical equivalent, the matrix modification lemma (MML), a powerful tool for the solution of modified networks, are still employed primarily for contingency calculations. However, they can be efficiently applied to the calculation of voltages and currents due to faults and/or line switching. In the paper, the MML is applied for closing or opening of a switch which may also represent a fault. For better efficiency, the computations are performed in symmetrical components and sparsity techniques are used. To determine the effect of the switching operations, these are performed interactively and sequentially. Generators and loads are represented by appropriate Norton equivalents. Illustrative results are presented.

An interactive simulator for unbalanced systems

The author presents an advanced simulator with the following features: the transmission line on which switching operations are performed can be untransposed, while the rest of the system is still represented as symmetrical; and the effect of induction motor dynamics can be represented by the time domain simulation of varying speed, slip and machine impedance. The simulator is designed to permit interactive experimentation for examining diverse phenomena in balanced or unbalanced steady state, produced by any sequence of switching, such as fault inception, clearing, temporary overvoltages, effects of compensation, motor starting, and so on. It can be used for educational purposes and for planning and design. Illustrative examples are given for both line and fault switching and for induction motor dynamics.

An interactive power system simulator with enhanced features

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An interactive power system simulator with enhanced features