https://www.gastrojournal.org/article/S0016-5085(08)00108-X/pdf

Performance of Transient Elastography for the Staging of Liver Fibrosis: A Meta-Analysis

The past 20 years have witnessed ever-growing evidence that the mechanical properties of biological tissues, from nanoscale to macroscale dimensions, are fundamental for cellular behaviour and consequent tissue functionality. This knowledge, combined with previously known biochemical cues, has greatly advanced the field of biomaterial development, tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. It is now established that approaches to engineer biological tissues must integrate and approximate the mechanics, both static and dynamic, of native tissues. Nevertheless, the literature on the mechanical properties of biological tissues differs greatly in methodology, and the available data are widely dispersed. This Review gathers together the most important data on the stiffness of living tissues and discusses the intricacies of tissue stiffness from a materials perspective, highlighting the main challenges associated with engineering lifelike tissues and proposing a unified view of this as yet unreported topic. Emerging advances that might pave the way for the next decade’s take on bioengineered tissue stiffness are also presented, and differences and similarities between tissues in health and disease are discussed, along with various techniques for characterizing tissue stiffness at various dimensions from individual cells to organs. The complexity of biological tissue presents a challenge for engineering of mechanically compatible materials. In this Review, the stiffness of tissue components — from extracellular matrix and single cells to bulk tissue — is outlined, and how this understanding facilitates the engineering of materials with lifelike properties is discussed.

/pdf/the-stiffness-of-living-tissues-and-its-implications-for-49xikp5kk1.pdf

The stiffness of living tissues and its implications for tissue engineering

a Department of Surgery, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna , Austria; b Department of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Campus Virchow Klinikum, Charité Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin , Germany; c Centro de Oncologia, Hospital Sírio Libanês, São Paulo , Brazil; d Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Hadassah University Hospital, Mevasseret Tsion , Israel; e Department of Endocrinology, Erciyes University Medical School, Kayseri , Turkey; f Neuroendocrine Tumor Center of Excellence, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen University Hospital, Copenhagen , Denmark; g Department of Medical Sciences, Endocrine Oncology Unit, University Hospital, Uppsala , Sweden; h Institute of Pathology, University of Bern, Bern , Switzerland; i Neuroendocrine Tumour Unit, Royal Free Hospital, London , UK; j Department of Clinical Oncology, Institute Alexander Fleming, Buenos Aires , Argentina; k National NET Centre, St. Vincent’s University and Department of Clinical Medicine, St. James Hospital and Trinity College, Dublin , Ireland; l Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nuclear Medicine, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam , The Netherlands; m Beatson Oncology Centre, Gartnavel General Hospital, Glasgow , UK; n Department of Surgery, CHU Robert Debré, Reims , France

/pdf/enets-consensus-guidelines-update-for-neuroendocrine-gtqmpga0ff.pdf

ENETS Consensus Guidelines Update for Neuroendocrine Neoplasms of the Jejunum and Ileum

The chromogranins (chromogranin A and chromogranin B), secretogranins (secretogranin II and secretogranin III), and additional related proteins (7B2, NESP55, proSAAS, and VGF) that together comprise the granin family subserve essential roles in the regulated secretory pathway that is responsible for controlled delivery of peptides, hormones, neurotransmitters, and growth factors. Here we review the structure and function of granins and granin-derived peptides and expansive new genetic evidence, including recent single-nucleotide polymorphism mapping, genomic sequence comparisons, and analysis of transgenic and knockout mice, which together support an important and evolutionarily conserved role for these proteins in large dense-core vesicle biogenesis and regulated secretion. Recent data further indicate that their processed peptides function prominently in metabolic and glucose homeostasis, emotional behavior, pain pathways, and blood pressure modulation, suggesting future utility of granins and granin-derived peptides as novel disease biomarkers.

/pdf/the-extended-granin-family-structure-function-and-biomedical-1r4uxqayi3.pdf

The Extended Granin Family: Structure, Function, and Biomedical Implications

https://www.journal-of-hepatology.eu/article/S0168-8278(08)00688-0/pdf

Can imaging modalities diagnose and stage hepatic fibrosis and cirrhosis accurately

Chromogranin A levels in chronic liver disease and hepatocellular carcinoma

Quality-related variables at hepatological websites

Chronic HCV infection in pregnant women

382 changes in liver stiffness during entecavir therapy in patients with chronic hepatitis b

Reproducibility of transient elastograpy (TE) in assessing hepatic fibrosis

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