The effectiveness of FISH painting for easy detection of radiation-induced chromosome aberrations lies, principally, in the fact that only part of any exchange event is highlighted. However, this partial detection imposes certain limitations when the technique is applied to fundamental studies with primary aberrations, particularly at higher doses, when Complex exchanges are present. Some of these limitations are discussed in this paper.

On the scoring of FISH-“painted” chromosome-type exchange aberrations

To estimate the level of radiation exposure of personnel handling diagnostic X-ray machines, the yield of chromosomal aberrations was analysed in peripheral blood lymphocyte cultures. These occupationally exposed individuals showed higher frequencies of dicentrics as well as acentrics than normal controls. Absorbed radiation doses calculated by extrapolating reference in vitro dose-response curve for dicentrics ranged between 0.13 and 0.17 Gy. This implies exposure beyond the permissible limit of 0.05 Gy/year for the whole body. However, no obvious trend of increased aberrations as a function of either duration of employment or age was noticed. The increase in the aberration yields in this personnel underscores the need of adopting measures to avoid or minimise such overexposure.

Enhanced frequency of chromosome aberrations in workers occupationally exposed to diagnostic X-rays.

 We developed a method for detecting chromosomal aberrations after irradiation with high doses of gamma-rays At high dose levels, few of the irradiated cells are able to enter mitosis so that it is difficult to obtain enough mitotic chromosomes using a conventional colcemid block Therefore, okadaic acid was used to condense prematurely the chromosomes of interphase cells Even after irradiation with doses >40 Gy, okadaic acid was able to force sufficient numbers of cells to condense their chromosomes Segments of chromosomes were then detected by chromosome painting using a goldconjugated antibody followed by silver enhancement This simple method allows highly damaged chromosomes to be detected with great sensitivity

Detection and evaluation of chromosomal aberrations induced by high doses of-irradiation using immunogold-silver painting of prematurely condensed chromosomes

From the early days of interest in genetics and mutation, chromosomal structural changes (“aberrations”) have always been an important endpoint for both theoretical and experimental studies.

Excogitations About the Quantification of Structural Chromosomal Aberrations

The goal of this study was to provide data on the dose-dependent production of dicentrics and micronuclei in human lymphocytes irradiated with 22.6 MeV protons and to estimate the possible contribution of intracellular superoxide dismutases (SOD) to the relative biological effectiveness (RBE) of protons. For the dose-response study, heparinized whole blood of a healthy volunteer was irradiated with protons and X-rays employing radiation doses of 0.5–4 Gy. Three biological endpoints were analyzed: chromosomal aberrations, micronuclei, and specific activity of cytosolic (CuZnSOD) and mitochondrial (MnSOD) superoxide dismutases in harvested human blood cells. Dicentric dose-response curves fit a linear-quadratic form (α=0.094±0.006, β=0.032±0.001) induced with X-rays and (α=0.119±0.057, β=0.029±0.014) for 22.6 MeV protons.Protons were more effective than X-rays in producing exchanges, particularly at 0.5 and 1 Gy. In contrast to X-ray irradiated samples where a significant increase in the specific activity of MnSOD was recorded (up to a radiation dose of 1 Gy), irradiation with protons markedly reduced its activity. As a consequence of the reduced activity of MnSOD, the chromosomal dose-response curve became quadratic. The RBE for dicentrics varies with dose (from 2.2 to 1.01) and reduced activity of MnSOD is an important contributor to the RBE of protons. SODs, particularly MnSOD, play an important role in defending DNA from reactive oxygen species. A reduced activity of SOD, particularly MnSOD, is an important contributor to the RBE of protons.

Chromosome aberrations, micronuclei, and activity of superoxide dismutases in human lymphocytes after irradiation in vitro.

For over 20 years the frequency of chromosomal, particularly dicentric, aberrations observed in cultured peripheral blood lymphocytes has been used as a biological dosemeter for assessing accidental overexposures to ionizing radiation. The technique has been developed into a routine procedure in radiological protection. It provides a supplement to physical methods of dosimetry and where these are not available the biological method may be the only means of quantifying dose. The technique has been amply described previously and a recent IAEA manual (1986) gives probably the most up-to-date and comprehensive account of the radiation-induced aberrations, the laboratory procedures and the way that doses are calculated from the aberration yields.

Biological Dosimetry After Radiation Accidents

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Biological Dosimetry After Radiation Accidents