The path to the discovery of galvanic solid electrolyte gas cells (J.-M. Gaugain 1853) and to the first industrially produced solid electrolyte gas cells (Nernst lamps 1897) is described. The development of the fundamentals of solid electrolyte fuel cells started with the work of Haber 1905, Schottky 1935, Baur 1937 and Wagner 1943. Extensive work in the field of solid oxide fuel cells (SOFCs) was done in the fifties by Peters and Mobius. After 1960, a rapidly growing number of scientists worked on the different problems of SOFCs, and by 1970 the basis was established on which the broad technologically orientated development of SOFCs proceeds today.

On the history of solid electrolyte fuel cells

A multi-layer oxygen pump (11) having a one-piece, monolithic ceramic structure affords high oxygen production per unit weight and volume and is thus particularly adapted for use as a portable oxygen supply. The oxygen pump is comprised of a large number of small cells in the order of 1-2 millimeters in diameter which form the walls of the pump and which are comprised of thin, i.e., 25-50 micrometers, ceramic layers of cell components. The cell components include an air electrode (15), an oxygen electrode (13), an electrolyte (17) and interconnection materials (19). The cell walls form the passages for input air and for exhausting the oxygen which is transferred from a relatively dilute gaseous mixture to a higher concentration by applying a DC voltage (44) across the electrodes so as to ionize the oxygen at the air electrode, whereupon the ionized oxygen travels through the electrolyte and is converted to oxygen gas at the oxygen electrode.

Monolithic solid electrolyte oxygen pump.

An improved fuel cell assembly includes a plurality of series-connected fuel cells each including an electrically conductive separator, a compressed or sintered oxide powder cathode contacting the separator, a solid electrolyte contacting the cathode and a compressed or sintered powder anode contacting the electrolyte. Each of the separator, anode, electrolyte and cathode includes two internal holes each at least partially in registration with each other so that a fuel and an oxygen-containing gas may be admitted to separate tubes in the cell. Preferably, a gasket is disposed in the opening in the cathode receiving the fuel to shield the cathode from the fuel. A second gasket is disposed in the opening in the anode receiving the oxygen-containing gas to shield the anode from oxygen. Oxygen admitted to one of the tubes reaches the anode by first diffusing through the cathode and then being ionically conducted through the electrolyte to the anode. Oxygen at the anode reacts with the fuel, releasing heat. A peripheral barrier may partially protect the anode from oxygen. In an alternative embodiment, each of the elements of the cell includes only one hole, all of which may be aligned to form a single tube for admitting fuel. In that embodiment, oxygen diffuses from outside the cell, through pores in the cathode. In other embodiments, a single central fuel tube may have a plurality of oxygen supply tubes.

Solid electrolyte fuel cell and assembly

A process and apparatus for separating and concentrating breathing-grade oxygen, that is therapeutically equivalent to 100% pure oxygen, from ambient air is provided The oxygen concentrating process employed in the method of the invention is implemented in a housing having a main chamber A solid anion conducting membrane is situated in the main chamber so as to divide the chamber into separate first and second reaction chambers Electrocatalytically active cathodic and anodic electrodes are situated on the respective opposed surfaces of the membrane A direct current source is coupled between the cathodic and anodic electrodes such that when ambient air is provided to the cathodic electrode, therapeutically pure and moist oxygen is produced at the anodic electrode by electrolytic action of hydroxyl ions passing through the solid membrane The oxygen concentrator advantageously operates at room temperature making it well suited for production of therapeutic oxygen especially for applications where portable oxygen source is required

Apparatus and method for separating oxygen from air

1. Optimizing the materials [yttrium-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) for the electrolyte, lanthanum strontium manganite for the cathode, nickel for the anode, and lanthanum magnesium chromite for the interconnect]. 2. Adopting an excellent processing technology of electrochemical vapor deposition (EVD) [2] that has extraordinary advantages in fabricating dense films on porous materials or in anchoring nickel on YSZ. 3. Adopting a sealless tubular stack design to avoid usage of sealant materials. 4. Aiming for stationary applications.

https://www.springer.com/cda/content/document/cda_downloaddocument/9780387777078-c2.pdf?SGWID=0-0-45-747409-p173876917

Overview of Intermediate-Temperature Solid Oxide Fuel Cells

A new fuel cell design, called the ''monolithic fuel cell,'' is being developed at Argonne National Laboratory. The monolithic design employs the same thin ceramic components used in other oxide fuel cells in a strong, lightweight honeycomb structure of small cells, and thus can achieve very high power per unit mass or volume. The light weight and low volume, as well as the efficiency and reliability of electrical systems, are advantageous is space and terrestial systems.

Monolithic fuel cell development

Recent work on the MSOFC (Monolithic Solid Oxide Fuel Cell) has resulted in the following accomplishments: (1) the feasibility of the MSOFC concept has been proven, (2) the fabrication processes have advanced to the point of production of near defect-free fuel cell stacks, (3) the electrode characteristics have been significantly improved to enhance MSOFC performance, (4) single-cell performance has been demonstrated at very high current densities, and (5) multi-cell stack performance has improved significantly in terms of both higher open-circuit potential and lower cell resistance. The objectives of further development are to scale up the MSOFC in terms of power level, active area, and stack height. Scale-up to significant power levels (above 1 kw) will involve development in several areas including manifolding, insulation, gas handling and control, electrical contacts, and power control.

Monolithic fuel cells

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Monolithic fuel cell development

Monolithic fuel cells