Youngner, Julius S. (University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pa.), Anne W. Scott, Jules V. Hallum, and Warren R. Stinebring. Interferon production by inactivated Newcastle disease virus in cell cultures and in mice. J. Bacteriol. 92:862–868. 1966.—A comparison was made of the effects of ultraviolet (UV) irradiation or heating at 56 C on the interferon-stimulating capacity of Newcastle disease virus in primary chick embryo fibroblast (CE) cultures, in L-cell cultures, and in the intact mouse. The data obtained indicated the critical importance of the host cell system used for interferon production. Virus inactivated by UV irradiation, as well as infective virus, was an effective stimulus of interferon production in L cells and in mice, and this property persisted on continued irradiation. In contrast, in CE cell cultures, infective virus produced no interferon, whereas UV-irradiated virus produced maximal interferon titers when all infectivity was destroyed; continued irradiation resulted in a rapid loss of the interferon-stimulating capacity of the virus. Virus inactivated at 56 C did not produce interferon in CE or L-cell cultures. In the intact mouse, on the other hand, heat-inactivated virus was capable of stimulating the release of significant levels of circulating interferon.

Interferon Production by Inactivated Newcastle Disease Virus in Cell Cultures and in Mice

During the A2 influenza epidemic of the winter of 1967 to 1968, commercially available inactivated influenza virus vaccine, bivalent, was administered by aerosol to 386 volunteers to test its efficacy in protecting against influenza illness. The illness rate in volunteers receiving the aerosolized vaccine was compared to that of 269 persons receiving the same vaccine subcutaneously and to that of 1,490 persons who received either sodium chloride solution or no inoculation. The group receiving aerosolized influenza vaccine had 79% fewer illnesses while subcutaneously immunized volunteers had 27% fewer illnesses, when compared to the control groups receiving no immunization. In addition to its superiority in ability to protect against naturally occurring influenza illness, the aerosolized vaccine led to a significantly lower incidence of side effects and to a significantly shorter duration of illness in those few who became ill.

Immunization Against Influenza: Prevention of Illness in Man by Aerosolized Inactivated Vaccine

Viral interference. some considerations of basic mechanisms and their potential relationship to host resistance

Interferon was first described in 1957 by Isaacs and Lindenmann (1957) and characterized as “an antiviral substance produced by the cells of many vertebrates in response to virus infection. It appears to be of protein or polypeptide nature, it is antigenically distinct from virus, and it acts by conferring on cells resistance to the multiplication of a number of different viruses” (Isaacs, 1963). Although this description still has some validity today, there is considerable evidence indicating that interferon is not a selective antiviral substance, but that it can also affect both cell division and cell function.

https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/pdf/10.3109/02841868909111205

Antitumor effects of interferon.

Developmentally aged chicken embryo cells which hyperproduce interferon (IFN) when induced were used to quantify IFN production and its suppression by eight strains of type A influenza viruses (AIV) Over 90% of the IFN-inducing or IFN induction-suppressing activity of AIV populations resided in noninfectious particles The IFN-inducer moiety of AIV appears to preexist in, or be generated by, virions termed IFN-inducing particles (IFP) and was detectable under conditions in which a single molecule of double-stranded RNA introduced into a cell via endocytosis induced IFN, whereas single-stranded RNA did not Some AIV strains suppressed IFN production, an activity that resided in a noninfectious virion termed an IFN induction-suppressing particle (ISP) The ISP phenotype was dominant over the IFP phenotype Strains of AIV varied 100-fold in their capacity to induce IFN AIV genetically compromised in NS1 expression induced about 20 times more IFN than NS1-competent parental strains UV irradiation further enhanced the IFN-inducing capacity of AIV up to 100-fold, converting ISP into IFP and IFP into more efficient IFP AIV is known to prevent IFN induction and/or production by expressing NS1 from a small UV target (gene NS) Evidence is presented for an additional downregulator of IFN production, identified as a large UV target postulated to consist of AIV polymerase genes PB1 + PB2 + PA, through the ensuing action of their cap-snatching endonuclease on pre-IFN-mRNA The products of both the small and large UV targets act in concert to regulate IFN induction and/or production Knowledge of the IFP/ISP phenotype may be useful in the development of attenuated AIV strains that maximally induce cytokines favorable to the immune response

Interferon Induction and/or Production and Its Suppression by Influenza A Viruses

/pdf/some-factors-affecting-the-production-of-interferon-4blou2qjey.pdf

Some factors affecting the production of interferon.

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Some factors affecting the production of interferon.