This paper proposes a step-by-step procedure for designing the LCL filter of a front-end three-phase active rectifier. The primary goal is to reduce the switching frequency ripple at a reasonable cost, while at the same time achieving a high-performance front-end rectifier (as characterized by a rapid dynamic response and good stability margin). An example LCL filter design is reported and a filter has been built and tested using the values obtained from this design. The experimental results demonstrate the performance of the design procedure both for the LCL filter and for the rectifier controller. The system is stable and the grid current harmonic content is low both in the lowand high-frequency ranges. Moreover, the good agreement that was obtained between simulation and experimental results validates the proposed approach. Hence, the design procedure and the simulation model provide a powerful tool to design an LCL-filter-based active rectifier while avoiding trial-and-error procedures that can result in having to build several filter prototypes.

Design and control of an LCL-filter-based three-phase active rectifier

Solid-state switch-mode rectification converters have reached a matured level for improving power quality in terms of power-factor correction (PFC), reduced total harmonic distortion at input AC mains and precisely regulated DC output in buck, boost, buck-boost and multilevel modes with unidirectional and bidirectional power flow. This paper deals with a comprehensive review of improved power quality converters (IPQCs) configurations, control approaches, design features, selection of components, other related considerations, and their suitability and selection for specific applications. It is targeted to provide a wide spectrum on the status of IPQC technology to researchers, designers and application engineers working on switched-mode AC-DC converters. A classified list of more than 450 research publications on the state of art of IPQC is also given for a quick reference.

/pdf/a-review-of-single-phase-improved-power-quality-ac-dc-2pm6h4zjxq.pdf

A review of single-phase improved power quality AC-DC converters

This paper analyzes the small-signal impedance of three-phase grid-tied inverters with feedback control and phase-locked loop (PLL) in the synchronous reference ( d-q ) frame. The result unveils an interesting and important feature of three-phase grid-tied inverters – namely, that its q–q channel impedance behaves as a negative incremental resistor. Moreover, this paper shows that this behavior is a consequence of grid synchronization, where the bandwidth of the PLL determines the frequency range of the resistor behavior, and the power rating of the inverter determines the magnitude of the resistor. Advanced PLL, current, and power control strategies do not change this feature. An example shows that under weak grid conditions, a change of the PLL bandwidth could lead the inverter system to unstable conditions as a result of this behavior. Harmonic resonance and instability issues can be analyzed using the proposed impedance model. Simulation and experimental measurements verify the analysis.

Analysis of D-Q Small-Signal Impedance of Grid-Tied Inverters

In this paper, a generalized discontinuous pulsewidth modulation (GDPWM) method with superior high modulation operating range performance characteristics is developed. An algorithm which employs the conventional space-vector PWM method in the low modulation range, and the GDPWM method in the high modulation range, is established. As a result, the current waveform quality, switching losses, voltage linearity range, and the overmodulation region performance of a PWM voltage-source inverter (PWM-VSI) drive are optimized online, as opposed to conventional modulators with fixed characteristics. Due to its compactness, simplicity and superior performance, the algorithm is suitable for most high-performance PWM-VSI drive applications. This paper provides detailed performance analysis of the method and compares it to the other methods. The experimental results verify the superiority of this algorithm to the conventional PWM methods.

/pdf/a-high-performance-generalized-discontinuous-pwm-algorithm-3lrbvzvveu.pdf

A high-performance generalized discontinuous PWM algorithm

Grid synchronization instability issues and low frequency oscillations between synchronous generators exist in electrical power system. This kind of stability issue happens between paralleled power converters is also reported. Analysis based on small-signal model of inverters with phase-locked loops (PLL) has been proposed. Different from that approach, which needs detailed inverter and controller parameters, this paper proposes an impedance-based analysis method to analyze the grid-synchronization stability issue in paralleled three-phase converter systems. The proposed method shows that the multivariable generalized inverse Nyquist stability criterion (GINC) can be used to predict the system stability based on the grid and inverter impedances in the synchronous d-q frame. Furthermore, the instability is found to be caused by qq channel impedance interaction. Experimental results verify the analysis and the proposed method.

Impedance-based analysis of grid-synchronization stability for three-phase paralleled converters

The issues involved in the design of power factor correction circuit input filters are significantly different from those involved in the design of input filters for DC-DC power converters. In many cases, the EMI and power factor requirements are impossible to meet using the existing filtering technology. This paper proposes the use of high-order elliptic filters to achieve the required EMI attenuation and power factor. The new input filter technology provides a significant filter size reduction over the standard filter designs, minimizes the filter-power converter interaction, and maintains a good converter power factor. New active and passive filter damping methods that guarantee optimal filter pole damping, while virtually eliminating damping resistor power dissipation, are proposed. The filter design procedure that makes possible a simple and fast design of filters with an arbitrary number of stages is also presented.

Input filter design for power factor correction circuits

The issues involved in the design of power factor correction circuit input filters are significantly different than those involved in the design of input filters for DC-DC power converters. So far, there exist no guidelines for high-frequency AC power converter input filter design. This paper addresses these issues and proposes the use of a high order, actively damped filter to achieve the required EMI attenuation and power factor requirements. The new filter topology typically provides 50% filter size reduction over the standard filter designs, and simultaneously minimizes the filter-converter interaction. >

A new control algorithm for the three-phase buck rectifier with an input filter is developed. The algorithm employs a separate control loop for compensation of the input current displacement factor in steady-state, in addition to the standard output voltage regulation loop. The algorithm allows separate design of the input filter and of closed loop output voltage control. The design procedure is explained and illustrated on an example. The algorithm is verified experimentally on an 1-kW, 100-kHz, three-phase isolated buck power converter. >

A new control algorithm for three-phase PWM buck rectifier with input displacement factor compensation

Three space vector modulation schemes are analyzed for a four-leg voltage source inverter. The analysis is performed with respect to switching losses and total harmonic distortion under both balanced and unbalanced load conditions over the entire range of modulation index values and over varying load power factor angle. The analysis has been verified using simulation.

Analysis and comparison of space vector modulation schemes for a four-leg voltage source inverter

Important advantages of using a DC rail diode in the three-phase PWM boost rectifier are recognized, including reduced diode reverse recovery and high reliability, as well as guaranteed six-step operation. Several simple soft-switched three-phase boost rectifiers were developed based on using the DC rail diode, further improving the converter performance by minimizing the switching losses. All these advantages can be achieved with three simple independent analog controllers. Consequently, these new rectifiers can run at much higher switching frequencies, and achieve higher efficiency and higher power density with lower cost and higher reliability than the conventional one. >

Simple high performance three-phase boost rectifiers

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Papers

Input filter design for power factor correction circuits

Input filter design for power factor correction circuits

A new control algorithm for three-phase PWM buck rectifier with input displacement factor compensation

Analysis and comparison of space vector modulation schemes for a four-leg voltage source inverter

Simple high performance three-phase boost rectifiers