Review of performance optimization techniques applied to wind turbines

The increasing developments in wind turbine technology, coupled with an unpredictable operating environment, present significant challenges regarding erosion issues on the leading edge of the blade tips. This review examines the potential degradation posed by the different environmental variables, with specific emphasis on both rain droplet and hailstone impact on the blade leading edge. Drawing on both the insights from experimental results and recent field data from the literature, the mechanisms of leading edge erosion are discussed. Meteorological tools that may enable rain and hailstone erosion prediction are addressed, as well as potential experimental and numerical approaches that may provide insight into the nature of impact and erosion on the blade surface.

/pdf/on-erosion-issues-associated-with-the-leading-edge-of-wind-2itin3tko1.pdf

On erosion issues associated with the leading edge of wind turbine blades

Darrieus vertical axis wind turbine for power generation II: Challenges in HAWT and the opportunity of multi-megawatt Darrieus VAWT development

This paper studies reliability-based design optimization (RBDO) of a 5-MW wind turbine blade for designing reliable as well as economical wind turbine blades. A novel dynamic wind load uncertainty model has been developed using 249 groups of wind data to consider wind load variation over a large spatiotemporal range. The probability of fatigue failure during a 20-year service life is estimated using the uncertainty model in the RBDO process and is reduced to meet a desired target reliability. Meanwhile, the cost of composite materials used in the blade is minimized by optimizing the composite laminate thicknesses of the blade. In order to obtain the RBDO optimum design efficiently, deterministic design optimization (DDO) of the 5-MW wind turbine blade is carried out first using the mean wind load obtained from the wind load uncertainty model. The RBDO is then initiated from the DDO optimum. During the RBDO iterations, fatigue hotspots for RBDO are identified among the laminate section points. For an efficient RBDO process, surrogate models of 10-min fatigue damages D10 at the hotspots are accurately created using the Kriging method. Using the wind load uncertainty model and surrogate models, probability of fatigue failure during a 20-year lifespan at the hotspots and the design sensitivities are calculated at given design points. Using the probability of fatigue failure and design sensitivity, RBDO of the 5-MW wind turbine blade has been successfully carried out, satisfying the target probability of failure of 2.275 %.

/pdf/reliability-based-design-optimization-of-wind-turbine-blades-1emzu3vm91.pdf

Reliability-based design optimization of wind turbine blades for fatigue life under dynamic wind load uncertainty

Among renewable sources of energy, wind is the most widely used resource due to its commercial acceptance, low cost and ease of operation and maintenance, relatively much less time for its realization from concept till operation, creation of new jobs, and least adverse effect on the environment. The fast technological development in the wind industry and availability of multi megawatt sized horizontal axis wind turbines has further led the promotion of wind power utilization globally. It is a well-known fact that the wind speed increases with height and hence the energy output. However, one cannot go above a certain height due to structural and other issues. Hence other attempts need to be made to increase the efficiency of the wind turbines, maintaining the hub heights to acceptable and controllable limits. The efficiency of the wind turbines or the energy output can be increased by reducing the cut-in-speed and/or the rated-speed by modifying and redesigning the blades. The problem is tackled by identifying the optimization parameters such as annual energy yield, power coefficient, energy cost, blade mass, and blade design constraints such as physical, geometric, and aerodynamic. The present paper provides an overview of the commonly used models, techniques, tools and experimental approaches applied to increase the efficiency of the wind turbines. In the present review work, particular emphasis is made on approaches used to design wind turbine blades both experimental and numerical, methodologies used to study the performance of wind turbines both experimentally and analytically, active and passive techniques used to enhance the power output from wind turbines, reduction in cut-in-speed for improved wind turbine performance, and lastly the research and development work related to new and efficient materials for the wind turbines.

Horizontal Axis Wind Turbine Blade Design Methodologies for Efficiency Enhancement—A Review

A preliminary design study of an advanced 50 m blade for utility wind turbines is presented and discussed. The effort was part of the Department of Energy WindPACT Blade System Design Study with the goal to investigate and evaluate design and manufacturing issues for wind turbine blades in the 1–10 MW size range. Two different blade designs are considered and compared in this article. The first is a fibreglass design, while the second design selectively incorporates carbon fibre in the main structural elements. The addition of carbon results in modest cost increases and provides significant benefits, particularly with respect to blade deflection. The structural efficiency of both designs was maximized by tailoring the thickness of the blade cross-sections to simplify the construction of the internal members. Inboard the blades incorporate thick blunt trailing edge aerofoils (flatback aerofoils), while outboard more conventional sharp trailing edge high-lift aerofoils are used. The outboard section chord lengths were adjusted to yield the least complex and costly internal blade structure. A significant portion of blade weight is related to the root buildup and metal hardware for typical root attachment designs. The results show that increasing the number of studs has a positive effect on total weight, because it reduces the required root laminate thickness. The aerodynamic performance of the blade aerofoils was predicted using computational techniques that properly simulate blunt trailing edge flows. The performance of the rotor was predicted assuming both clean and soiled blade surface conditions. The rotor is shown to provide excellent performance at a weight significantly lower than that of current rotors of this size. Copyright © 2004 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Innovative Design Approaches for Large Wind Turbine Blades

The United States has pledged to develop a 100% carbon-free electric power system by 2035 and a net-zero-emissions economy by 2050. While important advancements have been made in the scale, performance, and economics of clean energy technologies, meeting the nation's ambitious goals will not only require their deployment at scale, but also additional innovation and effective integration of different solutions. Technological developments across the broad suite of low-carbon energy solutions are advancing rapidly, with ongoing innovations in renewable electricity generation, industrial processes, and energy-saving technologies and services, including LED lighting, induction heating, electric vehicles, energy storage solutions, and mobility as a service, plus smart devices, controls, and more efficient and smart buildings. Combining renewable electricity with biotic and abiotic pathways to produce chemicals, fuels, and materials promises to deliver new solutions. Grid-interactive buildings and communities, integrating transportation infrastructure and vehicles, are likely to be significant components of any zero-carbon energy strategy. Low-carbon industrial manufacturing will also make strong contributions to a net-zero economy. While the technical prospects appear promising, variations in the state of infrastructure, jurisdictional and social equity, pollution, economic and socio-cultural constraints, energy resource availability, and supply chain dynamics found in different locations present a range of challenges and demand customized solutions. This paper provides a critical review and offers new insights into the technical, infrastructure, analytic, political, and economic challenges faced in translating the nation's ambitious net-zero-emissions goals into feasible and reliable implementation action plans. 

Challenges and opportunities in decarbonizing the U.S. energy system

The National Renewable Energy Laboratory and General Electric (GE) are partners within the Additive and Modular-Enabled Rotor Blades and Integrated Composites Assembly (AMERICA) project. AMERICA aims to develop advanced manufacturing solutions to reduce labor and cycle time while increasing recyclability of wind turbine blades. The project is funded by the U.S. Department of Energy's Advanced Manufacturing Office. This paper describes the techno-economic and life cycle analysis of the novel manufacturing process applied to the 15-meter long tip of the blade of a representative 3.4 MW land-based wind turbine. We establish a comparison to a standard manufacturing process, highlighting challenges and opportunities. Several uncertainties affect the analysis, but we highlight an opportunity space. With the current set of assumptions, the tip adopting advanced manufacturing is predicted to lower labor by 21%, cycle time by 39%, and total blade tip costs by 15% while simultaneously increasing production quality and adopting recyclable thermoplastic resin. A life cycle analysis returns comparable metrics for climate change impact and embodied energy between the two processes. 

Toward the Advanced Manufacturing of Land-Based Wind Turbine Blades

The Institute for Advanced Composites Manufacturing and Innovation Circular Economy for Wind Workshop Report

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Innovative Design Approaches for Large Wind Turbine Blades

Challenges and opportunities in decarbonizing the U.S. energy system

Toward the Advanced Manufacturing of Land-Based Wind Turbine Blades

The Institute for Advanced Composites Manufacturing and Innovation Circular Economy for Wind Workshop Report