The invention provides methods of detecting a nucleic acid. The methods comprise contacting the nucleic acid with one or more types of particles having oligonucleotides attached thereto. In one embodiment of the method, the oligonucleotides are attached to nanoparticles and have sequences complementary to portions of the sequence of the nucleic acid. A detectable change (preferably a color change) is brought about as a result of the hybridization of the oligonucleotides on the nanoparticles to the nucleic acid. The invention also provides compositions and kits comprising particles. The invention further provides methods of synthesizing unique nanoparticle-oligonucleotide conjugates, the conjugates produced by the methods, and methods of using the conjugates. In addition, the invention provides nanomaterials and nanostructures comprising nanoparticles and methods of nanofabrication utilizing nanoparticles. Finally, the invention provides a method of separating a selected nucleic acid from other nucleic acids.

Nanoparticles having oligonucleotides attached thereto and uses therefor

Photochemical reactions contribute in a significant way to the existing repertoire of carbon-carbon bond-forming reactions by allowing access to exceptional molecular structures that cannot be obtained by conventional means. In this Review, the most important photochemical transformations that have been employed in natural product synthesis are presented. Selected total syntheses are discussed as examples, with particular attention given to the photochemical key step and its stereoselectivity. The structural relationship between the photochemically generated molecule and the natural product is shown, and, where necessary, the consecutive reactions in the synthesis are illustrated and classified.

Photochemical reactions as key steps in natural product synthesis

The allene moiety represents an excellent partner for the [2+2] cycloaddition with alkenes and alkynes, affording the cyclobutane and cyclobutene skeletons in a single step. This strategy has been widely studied under thermal, photochemical and microwave induced conditions. More recently, the use of transition metal catalysis has been introduced as an alternative relying on the activation of the allenic component. On the other hand, the intramolecular version has attracted much attention as a strategy for the synthesis of polycyclic compounds in a regio- and stereoselective fashion. This critical review focuses on the most recently developed [2+2] cycloadditions on allenes along with remarkable early works accounting for the mechanism, the regio- and diastereoselectivity of the cycloadducts formed (103 references).

/pdf/exploiting-2-2-cycloaddition-chemistry-achievements-with-1il8b8uiki.pdf

Exploiting [2+2] cycloaddition chemistry: achievements with allenes

/pdf/are-alkyne-reductions-chemo-regio-and-stereoselective-enough-2k025fyx4w.pdf

Are alkyne reductions chemo-, regio-, and stereoselective enough to provide pure (Z)-olefins in polyfunctionalized bioactive molecules?

Application of Intramolecular Carbenoid Reactions in Organic Synthesis

S OF PAPERS P R E S E N T E D AT THE 5th MEETING ON PHEROMONE RESEARCH IN ISRAEL

Abstracts of papers presented at

Regiochemistry and stereochemistry of intramolecular [2+2] photocycloaddition of carbon-carbon double bonds to cyclohexenones

(3Z,6Z,9Z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene - a component of the sex pheromonal system of the giant looper, schiffermüller (Lepidoptera: Geometridae)

(3z,6z,9z)-3,6,9-nonadecatriene - a component of the sex pheromonal system of the giant looper, boarmia (ascotis) selenaria schiffermueller (lepidoptera:geometridae)

Identification and enantioselective synthesis of (Z,Z)-6,9-cis-3S,4R-epoxynonadecadiene, the major sex pheromone component of Boarmia selenaria

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