Context Foreign-born persons accounted for 57% of all tuberculosis (TB) cases in the United States in 2006. Current TB control strategies have not sufficiently addressed the high levels of TB disease and latent TB infection in this population. Objective To determine the risk of TB disease and drug-resistant TB among foreign-born populations and the potential impact of adding TB culture to overseas screening procedures for foreign-born persons entering the United States. Design, Setting, and Participants Descriptive epidemiologic analysis of foreign-born persons in the United States diagnosed with TB from 2001 through 2006. Main Outcome Measures TB case rates, stratified by time since US entry, country of origin, and age at US entry; anti-TB drug-resistance patterns; and characteristics of TB cases diagnosed within 3 months of US entry. Results A total of 46 970 cases of TB disease were reported among foreign-born persons in the United States from 2001 through 2006, of which 12 928 (28%) were among recent entrants (within 2 years of US entry). Among the foreign-born population overall, TB case rates declined with increasing time since US entry, but remained higher than among US-born persons—even more than 20 years after arrival. In total, 53% of TB cases among foreign-born persons occurred among the 22% of the foreign-born population born in sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia. Isoniazid resistance was as high as 20% among recent entrants from Vietnam and 18% for recent entrants from Peru. On average, 250 individuals per year were diagnosed with smear-negative, culture-positive TB disease within 3 months of US entry; 46% of these were from the Philippines or Vietnam. Conclusion The relative yield of finding and treating latent TB infection is particularly high among individuals from most countries of sub-Saharan Africa and Southeast Asia.

https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/articlepdf/182297/joc80066_405_412.pdf

Tuberculosis among foreign-born persons in the United States.

To disclose risk factors for active tuberculosis transmission in the Netherlands, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) patterns of 78% of the Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolates, from the period 1993-1997, were analyzed. Of the respective 4266 cases, 46% were found in clusters of isolates with identical RFLPs, and 35% were attributed to active transmission. The clustering percentage increased strongly with the number of isolates; taking this into account, fewer cases were clustered than has been reported in other studies. Contact investigations in the five largest clusters of 23-47 patients suggested epidemiological linkage between cases. Of patients identified through contact tracing, 91% were clustered. Demographic risk factors for active transmission of tuberculosis included male sex, urban residence, Dutch and Surinamese nationality, and long-term residence in the Netherlands. Human immunodeficiency virus infection was not an independent risk factor for active transmission. Isoniazid-resistant strains were relatively less frequently clustered, suggesting that these generated fewer secondary cases.

Molecular epidemiology of tuberculosis in the Netherlands: a nationwide study from 1993 through 1997.

Background Over the past decade, there has been a reduction in the incidence of tuberculosis in New York City and in the United States. However, the reduction has been confined mainly to U.S.-born persons. Understanding the reasons for the lack of reduction among non–U.S.-born persons may lead to new strategies for tuberculosis control. Methods We performed DNA fingerprinting with the IS6110 insertion sequence of the organisms isolated from patients with culture-positive tuberculosis in northern Manhattan from 1990 to 1999. The goal was to identify the strains responsible for multiple infections, presumably through recent transmission (clusters of cases), as well as the strains found in only one patient, presumably representing reactivation of latent infection. Results Of 546 available isolates of Mycobacterium tuberculosis, 261 (48 percent) belonged to a cluster and 285 (52 percent) did not. In multivariate analysis, significant predictors of noncluster status included birth outside the United States (od...

https://www.nejm.org/doi/pdf/10.1056/NEJMoa012972

Changes in the Transmission of Tuberculosis in New York City from 1990 to 1999

Molecular biology techniques have become increasingly integrated into the practice of infectious disease epidemiology. The term "molecular epidemiology" routinely appears in the titles of articles that use molecular strain-typing ("fingerprinting") techniques-regardless of whether there is any epidemiologic application. What distinguishes molecular epidemiology is both the "molecular," the use of the techniques of molecular biology, and the "epidemiology," the study of the distribution and determinants of disease occurrence in human populations. The authors review various definitions of molecular epidemiology. They then comment on the range of molecular techniques available and present some examples of the benefits and challenges of applying these techniques to infectious agents and their affected host using tuberculosis and urinary tract infection as examples. They close with some thoughts about training future epidemiologists to best take advantage of the new opportunities that arise from integrating epidemiologic methods with modern molecular biology.

/pdf/molecular-epidemiology-focus-on-infection-w7h42ok0dc.pdf

Molecular Epidemiology: Focus on Infection

ContextImmigration is a major force sustaining the incidence of tuberculosis
(TB) in the United States.ObjectiveTo describe trends and characteristics of foreign-born persons with
TB and the implications for TB program planning and policy development.Design, Setting, and SubjectsDescriptive analysis of US TB surveillance data from case reports submitted
from 1993 to 1998.Main Outcome MeasureDemographic and clinical characteristics of foreign-born persons with
TB.ResultsThe number of TB cases among foreign-born persons increased 2.6%, from
7402 in 1993 to 7591 in 1998, and the proportion of US cases that were foreign-born
increased from 29.8% to 41.6%. During 1993-1998, the TB case rate was 32.9
per 100,000 population in foreign-born persons compared with 5.8 per 100,000
in US-born persons. Six states reported 73.4% of foreign-born cases (California,
New York, Texas, Florida, New Jersey, and Illinois). Approximately two thirds
of these cases were originally from Mexico, the Philippines, Vietnam, India,
China, Haiti, and South Korea. Among those for whom date of US entry was known,
51.5% arrived 5 years or less prior to the diagnosis of TB. Most were male
and aged 25 to 44 years. During 1993-1996, the proportion receiving some portion
of treatment under directly observed therapy increased from 27.3% to 59.1%
and approximately 70% completed therapy in 12 months. The rate of primary
resistance to isoniazid was 11.6% and to both isoniazid and rifampin was 1.7%.ConclusionsAs the United States moves toward the goal of TB elimination, success
will depend increasingly on reducing the impact of TB in foreign-born persons.
Continued efforts to tailor local TB control strategies to the foreign-born
community and commitment to the global TB battle are essential.

/pdf/tuberculosis-among-foreign-born-persons-in-the-united-states-3e56q1w87y.pdf

Tuberculosis among foreign-born persons in the United States, 1993-1998.

OBJECTIVE To study the pattern of transmission of tuberculosis (TB) among foreign-born persons living in New York City. DESIGN A retrospective multicenter study comparing 158 foreign-born patients to 231 US-born patients diagnosed with TB between 1992 and 1994. The patients were stratified according to their Mycobacterium tuberculosis isolate DNA fingerprint patterns. RESULTS Nineteen (16%) of 122 isolates from foreign-born TB patients and 75 (42%) of 180 isolates from US-born TB patients had DNA fingerprint patterns (cluster patterns) indicative of recent exogenous transmission (P < 0.001). All cluster pattern strains from foreign-born cases were identical to those found among US-born patients. The likelihood of infection with a cluster pattern strain among foreign-born persons increased with duration of residence in the US, and was significantly associated with being homeless (P < 0.05), or having multidrug-resistant TB (P = 0.00072). CONCLUSION Although most (84%) cases of TB among foreign-born persons in New York City appear to result from reactivation of infections they acquired abroad, the ones who acquire new infections become infected with strains that are already circulating among the US-born TB patients in New York City, and they have risk factors similar to those faced by US-born tuberculosis patients.

Tuberculosis among foreign-born persons in New York City, 1992-1994: implications for tuberculosis control.

Handle everyday research tasks with reliable, citation-backed results

Your personal Research Agent to handle research tasks with citation-backed results

Popular Tasks used by Researchers

How can I help with your research?

Meet SciSpace

Get more enhanced response by uploading the PDFs you want me to reference.

No relevant PDFs in your library

SciSpace is the AI research assistant for academics. Run systematic literature reviews on 280M+ papers, and write papers with cited sources. Trusted by 1M+ students, PhDs & researchers.

SciSpace | AI for Research

Analyze PDFs

Code & Manuscripts

Funding & Grants

Literature & Patents

Medical & Clinical Data

Systematic Review

Visualize & Present

Web & Data

Build a Google Scholar-like website for your research.

Build a website

Create charts and images for your research

Create a Chart

Write a paper for submission to a journal

Draft a manuscript

Patent Search

Design eye-catching scientific posters in minutes.

Scientific Poster Generation

Systematic Literature Review

One task is running at the moment. Your messages will be shown right after.

Drag and drop or click here to browse

Loved by <highlight>1 million+</highlight> researchers

Extract a list of specific topics and their sources from unstructured text

Topics

Compare and analyze relevant papers that matches with your search

Papers

Get insights from PDFs and bookmarked papers from your library

My library

Recent searches

Try searching for:

Catch AI-generated content in scholarly and non-scholarly content

{ai} Detector

Ai Writer

Get PDF Summaries, highlighted text explanations 

Chat with PDF

Effortlessly create in-text citations and bibliographies in APA and 2,500 other formats

Citation generator

Get explanations, summaries, and answers on academic papers

Ease up your research workflow with {scispace}'s cohort of exciting AI tools

Elevate your academic writing skills and convey your ideas the way you want

Paraphraser

Explore our range of reading and writing tools

Your file is being prepared and should be ready in a few minutes. If it's a large file, it might take a bit longer. You can close this window, and we'll email you the file when it's done.

You have reached a maximum limit of <strong>{limit}</strong> columns in the table. Remove at least <strong>1</strong> column to add or create another one.

D'Amato R

Author Tools

Chat about Author

Papers

Tuberculosis among foreign-born persons in New York City, 1992-1994: implications for tuberculosis control.