Improved cathodes are required for low-temperature operation of solid-oxide fuel cells (SOFCs). Recent work has shown that electrode fabrication and modification by infiltration of active components into a porous scaffold can result in outstanding electrochemical performance. In this paper we review the literature on this new approach for cathode preparation and discuss the insights that this work has provided for understanding the relationships between the materials properties, electrochemical performance, and electrode stability.

High‐Performance SOFC Cathodes Prepared by Infiltration

ConspectusGas-involving electrochemical reactions, including gas evolution reactions and gas consumption reactions, are essential components of the energy conversion processes and gathering elevating attention from researchers. Besides the development of highly active catalysts, gas management during gas-involving electrochemical reactions is equally critical for industrial applications to achieve high reaction rates (hundreds of milliamperes per square centimeter) under practical operation voltages. Biomimetic surfaces, which generally show regular micro/nanostructures, offer new insights to address this issue because of their special wetting capabilities. Although a series of nanoarray-based structured electrodes have been constructed and demonstrated with excellent performances for gas-involving electrochemical reactions, understanding of bubble wetting behavior remains elusive. In this Account, our recent works including understanding the way to achieve the superwetting properties of solid electrode s...

Superwetting Electrodes for Gas-Involving Electrocatalysis

Tubular solid oxide fuel cells (SOFC) are promising candidates for future energy conversion systems and expected to be applied widely for small-scale distributed generation to large-scale central station power plants because of their high electrical efficiency and high temperature exhaust gas utilization. This study presents an electrochemical model to determine the performance characteristics of tubular solid oxide fuel cell. Activation, ohmic and concentration polarizations are regarded as the major sources of irreversibility. The Butler-Volmer equation, Fick's law and Ohm's law are used to determine the polarization terms. Performance curves are simulated for single cell voltage and power under variable current density and validated with published experimental data for given operating conditions. All the variations of tubular SOFC's operational conditions such as operating pressure and temperature in the electrochemical processes is taken into consideration. The contribution of each polarization term to voltage losses is analysed with local characteristics such as pore size, electrolyte thickness and activation energy for evaluating the relative changes. Cell performance represented by cell voltage, power, efficiency and heat generation are analysed at its complete operating range, aiming at finding the set of optimal operating conditions maximizing the overall cell performance. As a conclusion from this study, the developed model is a simple and effective tool to analyse tubular SOFC in obtaining insight information about cell performance characteristics under different conditions.

Electrochemical model for performance analysis of a tubular SOFC

Interspecies electron transfer (IET) is important for many anaerobic processes, but is critically dependent on mode of transfer. In particular, direct IET (DIET) has been recently proposed as a metabolically advantageous mode compared with mediated IET (MIET) via hydrogen or formate. We analyse relative feasibility of these IET modes by modelling external limitations using a reaction-diffusion-electrochemical approach in a three-dimensional domain. For otherwise identical conditions, external electron transfer rates per cell pair (cp) are considerably higher for formate-MIET (317 × 103 e− cp−1 s−1) compared with DIET (44.9 × 103 e− cp−1 s−1) or hydrogen-MIET (5.24 × 103 e− cp−1 s−1). MIET is limited by the mediator concentration gradient at which reactions are still thermodynamically feasible, whereas DIET is limited through redox cofactor (for example, cytochromes) activation losses. Model outcomes are sensitive to key parameters for external electron transfer including cofactor electron transfer rate constant and redox cofactor area, concentration or count per cell, but formate-MIET is generally more favourable for reasonable parameter ranges. Extending the analysis to multiple cells shows that the size of the network does not strongly influence relative or absolute favourability of IET modes. Similar electron transfer rates for formate-MIET and DIET can be achieved in our case with a slight (0.7 kJ mol−1) thermodynamic advantage for DIET. This indicates that close to thermodynamic feasibility, external limitations can be compensated for by improved metabolic efficiency when using direct electron transfer.

/pdf/modelling-extracellular-limitations-for-mediated-versus-176zkg8bwg.pdf

Modelling extracellular limitations for mediated versus direct interspecies electron transfer.

A modeling study on concentration overpotentials of a reversible solid oxide fuel cell

Clarifying the Butler–Volmer equation and related approximations for calculating activation losses in solid oxide fuel cell models

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Clarifying the Butler–Volmer equation and related approximations for calculating activation losses in solid oxide fuel cell models