Antibiotics in the aquatic environment - A review - Part II

Detection and fate of antibiotic resistant bacteria in wastewater treatment plants: A review

The bacterial genus Pantoea comprises many versatile species that have been isolated from a multitude of environments. Pantoea was delineated as a genus approximately 25 years ago, but since then, approximately 20 species have been identified having a diversity of characteristics. Isolates from water and soil have been harnessed for industrial purposes including bioremediation, and the degradation of herbicides and other toxic products. Other isolates possess nitrogen fixation and plant growth-promoting capabilities, which are currently being explored for agricultural applications. Some isolates are antibiotic producers, and have been developed into biocontrol agents for the management of plant diseases. Pantoea is also known to form host associations with a variety of hosts, including plants, insects and humans. Although often thought of as a plant pathogen, recent evidence suggests that Pantoea is being frequently isolated from the nosocomial environment, with considerable debate as to its role in human disease. This review will explore this highly versatile group and its capabilities, its known associations, and the underlying genetic and genomic determinants that drive its diversity and adaptability.

Pantoea: insights into a highly versatile and diverse genus within the Enterobacteriaceae.

Since the initial use of Bordeaux mixture in 1885 for plant disease control, a large number of copper-based antimicrobial compounds (CBACs) have been developed and applied for crop protection. While these compounds have revolutionized crop protection in the twentieth century, their continuous and frequent use has also raised concerns about the long-term sustainability of copper (Cu)-based crop protection system. Here, we review CBACs used in crop protection and highlight their benefits and risks, and potential for their improvement and opportunities for further research to develop alternatives to CBACs. The major findings are (i) the relatively high toxicity to plant pathogens, low cost, low mammalian toxicity of the fixed Cu compounds, and their chemical stability and prolonged residual effects are major benefits of these compounds; (ii) phytotoxicity, development of copper-resistant strains, soil accumulation, and negative effects on soil biota as well as on food quality parameters are key disadvantages of CBACs; (iii) regulatory pressure in agriculture worldwide to limit the use of CBACs has led to several restrictions, including that imposed by the regulation 473/2002 in the European Union; and (iv) mitigation strategies to limit the negative effects of CBACs include their optimized use, soil remediation, and development and application of alternatives to CBACs for a sustainable crop protection. We conclude that recent research and policy efforts have led to the development of a number of alternatives to CBACs, which should be further intensified to ensure that growers have sufficient tools for the implementation of sustainable crop protection strategies.

/pdf/thirteen-decades-of-antimicrobial-copper-compounds-applied-4t9cal8jq4.pdf

Thirteen decades of antimicrobial copper compounds applied in agriculture. A review

Antibiotic contamination and occurrence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in aquatic environments of northern Vietnam.

Presence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), the causal agent of bacterial canker of kiwifruit, in pollen samples collected from infected and non infected orchards in Italy and in New Zealand was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and by direct bacterial isolation. Psa was isolated only from pollen samples collected in Italy, including pollen collected from two uninfected orchards, which the following year showed signs of infection. Psa was also detected in pollen collected from male and female vines in an Italian infected orchard. Pollen samples from Italy, but not from New Zealand, were collected with a vacuum device. Psa could not be isolated from any of the 25 New Zealand pollen samples analysed. This is the first report of Psa being associated with pollen. There is currently no evidence that artificial pollination leads to increased infection or that pollen has been responsible for the introduction of Psa in a previously Psa-free area.

/pdf/detection-of-pseudomonas-syringae-pv-actinidiae-in-kiwifruit-4lcxgr2vip.pdf

Detection of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae in kiwifruit pollen samples.

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa), the causal agent of bacterial canker of kiwifruit, has recently been found in New Zealand. This pathogen has been the object of few studies and little is known about its epidemiology. Yet the development of an effective strategy of control requires an understanding of the life cycle of the pathogen, in particular determining the location of the bacteria in tissues. In this study, the presence of Psa on flowers, symptomatic and asymptomatic leaves and different parts of canes showing symptoms was determined by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) or by direct bacterial isolation. Psa was found associated with angular necrotic leaf spots, with white exudate and in canes. In canes, Psa seemed to be either in the parenchyma leading to production of exudate or in the vascular system leading to wilting. Psa was also found on asymptomatic tissues, where it was probably surviving as an epiphyte.

/pdf/presence-of-pseudomonas-syringae-pv-actinidiae-the-causal-4jf00vh1zq.pdf

Presence of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae, the causal agent of bacterial canker of kiwifruit, on symptomatic and asymptomatic tissues of kiwifruit

Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae (Psa) is the causal agent of bacterial canker on kiwifruit, a disease that affects both Actinidia deliciosa and A. chinensis. This disease has been reported in Japan, Korea and Italy. It has never been found in New Zealand. An outbreak of bacterial canker on kiwifruit has been recently reported in Latina, Italy. Strains isolated from this outbreak were compared with strains isolated from Japan, Korea and strains isolated from Italy in 1992. The specificity of the primers PsaF1/R2 and their usefulness in identifying strains of Psa were confirmed in this study. Fingerprinting by BOX-PCR allowed the distinction of strains of Psa tested from strains of the closely related pathovar theae. However, two different profiles were obtained for strains of Psa. Two haplotypes for the housekeeping gene cts (gltA) were also found among strains of Psa. Such variability might be used for further epidemiological studies.

/pdf/molecular-characterisations-of-pseudomonas-syringae-pv-10k4u8ihvo.pdf

Molecular characterisations of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae strains isolated from the recent outbreak of bacterial canker on kiwifruit in Italy

Presence of genes homologous to those necessary for synthesis of microcin MccEh252 in strains of Pantoea agglomerans

M. T. Andersen*, M. D.Templeton, J. Rees-George, J. L. Vanneste, D. A. Cornish, J. Yu, W. Cui, T. J. Braggins, K. Babu, J. F. Mackay and E. H. A. Rikkerink The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 92169, Auckland 1142; The New Zealand Institute for Plant & Food Research Ltd, Private Bag 3123, Hamilton 3240; Hill Laboratories, Private Bag 3205, Hamilton 3240; and dnature diagnostics & research Ltd, 24 Island Rd, Gisborne 4010, New Zealand

https://bsppjournals.onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/ppa.12817

Highly specific assays to detect isolates of Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidiae biovar 3 and Pseudomonas syringae pv. actinidifoliorum directly from plant material

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