Blockchain technology is believed by many to be a game changer in many application domains. While the first generation of blockchain technology (i.e., Blockchain 1.0) is almost exclusively used for cryptocurrency, the second generation (i.e., Blockchain 2.0), as represented by Ethereum, is an open and decentralized platform enabling a new paradigm of computing—Decentralized Applications (DApps) running on top of blockchains. The rich applications and semantics of DApps inevitably introduce many security vulnerabilities, which have no counterparts in pure cryptocurrency systems like Bitcoin. Since Ethereum is a new, yet complex, system, it is imperative to have a systematic and comprehensive understanding on its security from a holistic perspective, which was previously unavailable in the literature. To the best of our knowledge, the present survey, which can also be used as a tutorial, fills this void. We systematize three aspects of Ethereum systems security: vulnerabilities, attacks, and defenses. We draw insights into vulnerability root causes, attack consequences, and defense capabilities, which shed light on future research directions.

A Survey on Ethereum Systems Security: Vulnerabilities, Attacks, and Defenses

The blockchain technology is believed by many to be a game changer in many application domains, especially financial applications. While the first generation of blockchain technology (i.e., Blockchain 1.0) is almost exclusively used for cryptocurrency purposes, the second generation (i.e., Blockchain 2.0), as represented by Ethereum, is an open and decentralized platform enabling a new paradigm of computing --- Decentralized Applications (DApps) running on top of blockchains. The rich applications and semantics of DApps inevitably introduce many security vulnerabilities, which have no counterparts in pure cryptocurrency systems like Bitcoin. Since Ethereum is a new, yet complex, system, it is imperative to have a systematic and comprehensive understanding on its security from a holistic perspective, which is unavailable. To the best of our knowledge, the present survey, which can also be used as a tutorial, fills this void. In particular, we systematize three aspects of Ethereum systems security: vulnerabilities, attacks, and defenses. We draw insights into, among other things, vulnerability root causes, attack consequences, and defense capabilities, which shed light on future research directions.

A Survey on Ethereum Systems Security: Vulnerabilities, Attacks and Defenses

In this paper, we systematically explore the attack surface of the Blockchain technology, with an emphasis on public Blockchains. Towards this goal, we attribute attack viability in the attack surface to 1) the Blockchain cryptographic constructs, 2) the distributed architecture of the systems using Blockchain, and 3) the Blockchain application context. To each of those contributing factors, we outline several attacks, including selfish mining, the 51% attack, DNS attacks, distributed denial-of-service (DDoS) attacks, consensus delay (due to selfish behavior or distributed denial-of-service attacks), Blockchain forks, orphaned and stale blocks, block ingestion, wallet thefts, smart contract attacks, and privacy attacks. We also explore the causal relationships between these attacks to demonstrate how various attack vectors are connected to one another. A secondary contribution of this work is outlining effective defense measures taken by the Blockchain technology or proposed by researchers to mitigate the effects of these attacks and patch associated vulnerabilities.

Exploring the Attack Surface of Blockchain: A Comprehensive Survey

A survey of breakthrough in blockchain technology: Adoptions, applications, challenges and future research

A double-spend attack is one of the major security issues in most blockchain systems, but it is difficult to successfully launch unless an adversary has massive computing power. In this paper, we introduce a new attack model that combines a double-spend attack with a Sybil attack in the Bitcoin network. We present analysis results that a double-spending attacker can make a block propagation delay by conducting Sybil attacks and increase the probability of winning the mining race, thus successfully launching the double-spend attack. We develop the probability of success of this new attack in mathematics forms and analyze this attack model from the perspective of economics. We present the attacker's break-even point in various situations and demonstrate the effect of the proposed attack.

Double-Spending With a Sybil Attack in the Bitcoin Decentralized Network

Quantizations of the Witt algebra and of simple Lie algebras in characteristic p

This text gives some results about quantum torsors Our starting point is an old reformulation of torsors recalled recently by Kontsevich We propose an unification of the definitions of torsors in algebraic geometry and in Poisson geometry Any quantum torsor is equipped with two comodule-algebra structures over Hopf algebras and these structures commute with each other In the finite dimensional case, these two Hopf algebras share the same finite dimension We show that any Galois extension of a field is a torsor and that any torsor is a Hopf-Galois extension We give also examples of non-commutative torsors without character Torsors can be composed This leads us to define a new group-invariant, its torsors invariant We show how Parmentier's quantization formalism of "affine Poisson groups" is part of our theory of torsors

Quantum torsors

We study selfish mining in Ethereum. The problem is combinatorially more complex than in Bitcoin because of major differences in the reward system and a different difficulty adjustment formula. Equivalent strategies in Bitcoin do have different profitabilities in Ethereum. The attacker can either broadcast his fork one block by one, or keep them secret as long as possible and publish them all at once at the end of an attack cycle. The first strategy is damaging for substantial hashrates, and we show that the second strategy is even worse. This confirms what we already proved for Bitcoin: Selfish mining is most of all an attack on the difficulty adjustment formula. We show that the current reward for signaling uncle blocks is a weak incentive for the attacker to signal blocks. We compute the profitabilities of different strategies and find out that for a large parameter space values, strategies that do not signal blocks are the best ones. We compute closed-form formulas for the apparent hashrates for these strategies and compare them. We use a direct combinatorial analysis with Dyck words to find these closed-form formulas.

https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-02116255/document

Selfish Mining in Ethereum

We first quantize the Witt algebra in characteristic 0. Then, we consider the reduction modulo p of our formulas. This gives polynomial deformations of the restricted envelopping algebra of the Witt algebra. By this way, we get new families of noncommutative noncocommutative Hopf algebras of dimension p^p in char p.

We propose a decentralized routing algorithm that can be implemented in Bitcoin Lightning Network. All nodes in the network contribute equally to path searching. The algorithm is inspired from ant path searching algorithms.

pdf/ant-routing-algorithm-for-the-lightning-network-4qghi9vd88.pdf

Ant routing algorithm for the Lightning Network

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Quantizations of the Witt algebra and of simple Lie algebras in characteristic p

Quantum torsors

Selfish Mining in Ethereum

Quantizations of the Witt algebra and of simple Lie algebras in characteristic p

Ant routing algorithm for the Lightning Network