The desorption of surface-adsorbed organic matter (S-AOM) without damaging algal cells was reported to be the key to destabilizing Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) cells while avoiding intracellular organic matter (IOM) release in our previous study. However, a temporal effect was found from spontaneous and continuous damage to algal cells even after quenching. This study aims to demonstrate the mechanism of the temporal inactivation effect and the stress response exhibited by chlorine-oxidized algal cells, and finally guide the prechlorination process for algae-laden water at water sources. Chlorine was proved to cause oxidative stress to M. aeruginosa cells, and result in a rapid increase in intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels. S-AOM appeared to have a protective effect on algal cells against oxidative damage, as evidenced by the maintenance of algal cell integrity and activated antioxidant enzymes. In addition, the activity of Caspase 3, a key protease for the execution of programmed cell death (PCD), was significantly enhanced during prechlorination. Cellular chromatin condensation and DNA fragmentation occurred in the early stages of PCD in algal cells. Therefore, the pre-treatment of algae-laden water at water sources, even with low chlorine doses, can induce a risk of significant algal cell death during the water transfer process due to activation of the PCD process, resulting in a higher health risk for drinking water. These findings indicate that both the dosage of chlorine and the duration of the transportation process should be considered during the prechlorination of algae-laden water, which can provide an important basis for avoiding increasing the risk to drinking water safety. 

Stress response of Microcystis aeruginosa to chlorine during transportation: the significance of surface-adsorbed organic matter

Integrated transcriptomic and metabolomic analysis of Microcystis aeruginosa exposed to artemisinin sustained-release microspheres.

Aquatic plant allelochemicals inhibit the growth of microalgae and cyanobacteria in aquatic environments.

The outbreak of harmful algae blooms caused by water eutrophication seriously jeopardizes the aquatic ecological environment and human health. Therefore, algae control technology has attracted widespread attention between environmental scholars. Allelochemical sustained-release technology which releases the active ingredient to the target medium at a certain rate within the effective time, so that the system maintains a certain concentration, thus prolonging its influence on the target organism. Allelochemical sustained-release technology has become the focus of research due to the characteristics of high efficiency, safety, low-cost, environment friendly and no secondary pollution. This paper reviews the characteristics of allelochemical substances and the status quo of plant extraction, explains the detailed classification of allelochemical sustained-release microspheres (ASRMs) and the application of algae inhibition, summarizes the preparation method of ASRMs, elaborates on the mechanism of algae inhibition of sustained-release technology from the perspective of photosynthesis, cellular enzyme activity, algae cell structure, gene expression, and target site action. Focuses on the summary of the factors influencing the effect of algae inhibition of ASRMs, including particle size of sustained-release microspheres, selection of carrier materials, and the growth stage of algae. The future direction and prospect of algae inhibition by allelochemical sustained-release technology were prospected to provide the scientific basis for water ecological restoration. 

Progress on control of harmful algae by sustained-release technology of allelochemical: A review

The accelerating rise of multi-drug resistance and resultant difficulties in the treatment of Pseudomonas aeruginosa infections are a significant cause of high morbidity and mortality in infected patients. Antimicrobial resistance resulting from biofilm contributes to a significant disease burden on public health and P.aeruginosa serves as a model for investigating biofilm development. Biofilm makes slime layer over various surfaces (epithelial layer, contact lenses, human teeth, urinary catheters, rocks) and when bacteria break away from the complex aggregation; are a source of serious healthcare-associated infections that are mainly systemic. Biofilm is a significant characteristic of about 99% of bacterial species and serves as a resistive and protective barrier from varied antibiotics. Biofilm communities form pillar-like structures. About 10% of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains are resistant to antibiotics and account for 8% of urinary tract and pneumonia disorders. Resistance is achieved by numerous phenomena such as reducing outer membrane permeability, using an efflux pump, specialized enzymatical activity, biofilm formation, horizontal resistive-gene transfer, mutations, etc. In this study, we evaluated biofilm from every aspect 1) related to its formation, factors impacting its formation, and its role in antibiotic resistance especially in Pseudomonas. 2) Mechanisms through which P.aeroginosa illustrates intrinsic, adaptive as well as acquired resistance toward antibiotics. 3) Furthermore, the modern antibiotics to treat these resistive strains are also overviewed. Recently, novel therapeutic approaches have played a significant role in the treatment of resistive strains and may include non-antibiotic approaches or may be used with modern antibiotics to be more effective. 

Biofilm Formation And Antibiotic Resistance in Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Quorum sensing (QS) is a widespread regulatory mechanism in Gram-negative bacteria, primarily involving the secretion of N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL) to facilitate population density sensing. However, the existence of QS in blue-green algae, a subset of photoautotrophic Gram-negative bacteria forming high-density communities in water blooms, remains elusive. This study delves into the unexplored realm of QS in Microcystis aeruginosa (M. aeruginosa) by investigating AHL-related regulatory mechanisms and their impact on various physiological processes. Utilizing high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS) and biosensors, a hitherto unknown long-chain AHL exhibiting a mass-to-charge ratio of 318 was identified in sterile M. aeruginosa cultures. Our investigation focused on discerning correlations between AHL activity fluctuations and key parameters such as microcystin (MC-LR) production, algal density, photosynthesis, buoyancy, and aggregation. Furthermore, the AHL extract was introduced during the logarithmic stage of M. aeruginosa cultures to observe the response in physiological processes. The results revealed that AHL, functioning as an autoinducer (AI), positively influenced algal growth and photosynthesis, as evidenced by the upregulated photosynthetic conversion efficiency of PSI and chlorophyll synthesis gene (psbA). AI also played a crucial role in altering surface characteristics through the synthesis of polysaccharides and proteins in EPS, subsequently promoting cell aggregation. Concomitantly, AI upregulated mcyD, enhancing the synthesis of MC-LR. Notably, our investigation pinpointed the initiation of QS in Microcystis at a density of approximately 1.22 × 10^7 cells/mL. This groundbreaking evidence underscores the regulatory role of AI in governing the physiological processes of growth, aggregation, buoyancy, and MC-LR production by activating pertinent gene expressions. This study significantly expands the understanding of QS in AHL, providing crucial insights into the regulatory networks operating in blue-green algae. 

Quorum sensing regulation in Microcystis aeruginosa: Insights into AHL-mediated physiological processes and MC-LR production.

Acyl-homoserine lactone (AHL) serves as a key signaling molecule for quorum sensing (QS) in bacteria. QS-related genes and physiological processes in Microcystis aeruginosa remain elusive. In this study, we elucidated the regulatory role of AHL-mediated QS in M. aeruginosa. Using AHL activity extract and transcriptomic analysis, we revealed significant effects of the AHL on growth and photosynthesis. AHL significantly increased chlorophyll a (Chl-a) content and accelerated photosynthetic rate thereby promoting growth. Transcriptome analysis revealed that AHL stimulated the up-regulation of photosynthesis-related genes (apcABF, petE, psaBFK, psbUV, etc.) as well as nitrogen metabolism and ribosomal metabolism. In addition, AHL-regulated pathways are associated with lipopolysaccharide and phenazine synthesis. Our findings deepen the understanding of the QS system in M. aeruginosa and are important for gaining insights into the role of QS in Microcystis bloom formation. It also provides new insights into the prevalence of M. aeruginosa in water blooms. 

Decoding Microcystis aeruginosa quorum sensing through AHL-mediated transcriptomic molecular regulation mechanisms.

Exploring Hydrocarbon Degradation Capacity and Mathematical Modeling of Mixotrophic Growth Kinetics in Tetradesmus obliquus and Desmodesmus armatus for Crude Oil Bioremediation

Drug release kinetics of artemisinin sustained-release particles with two sizes for algal inhibition in different media

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