Background Olive (Olea europaea L.) oil is one of the main ingredients of the Mediterranean diets and as such, it is considered responsible for the overall well being of the Mediterranean populations. With European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) approving the health claims of olive oil in part due to the presence of hydroxytyrosol (HT), there is a global upsurge in the exploration of the different health promoting and disease preventing abilities of this bioactive compound. Scope and approach Besides presenting an overview of the fatty acid and phenolic (minor) profiles of olive oil, the present article reviews the nutraceutical properties of olive oil attributed to the presence of HT, health promoting and disease preventing abilities of pure HT, and the synthesis of HT and its metabolic derivatives of biological interests. Key findings and conclusions Olive oil contains high profile fatty acids and phenolics. The fatty acid profile changes with maturation of the olives. Oleic acid predominates throughout the maturation period. Palmitic acid is predominantly found in the unripe stage while as, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, and linoleic acid are chiefly found in ripe olives. Oleuropein is the predominant secoiridoid in the early stages of olive maturation. As the maturation proceeds, oleuropein degrades to yield HT. Over the years, HT has been explored against a number of health complications and shows promising results against diabetes, inflammation, nervous disorders, angiogenesis, cancer, oxidative stress, heavy metal toxicity, hemolysis, LDL oxidation, muscle damage, and nephrotoxicity. The bioactive properties of HT are accomplished through nutrigenomic and immunomodulatory mechanisms. HT, its lipophilic derivatives, and many of its metabolites of biological interests have been synthesized through microbological, biotechnological, and other chemical strategies.

Olive oil and its principal bioactive compound: Hydroxytyrosol – A review of the recent literature

Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a valuable natural phenolic compound with strong antioxidant activity and various physiological and pharmaceutical functions. In this study, we established an artificial pathway for HT biosynthesis. First, efficient enzymes were selected to construct a tyrosol biosynthetic pathway. Aro10 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae was shown to be a better ketoacid decarboxylase than Kivd from Lactococcus lactis for tyrosol production. While knockout of feaB significantly decreased accumulation of the byproduct 4-hydroxyphenylacetic acid, overexpression of alcohol dehydrogenase ADH6 further improved tyrosol production. The titers of tyrosol reached 1469 ± 56 mg/L from tyrosine and 620 ± 23 mg/L from simple carbon sources, respectively. The pathway was further extended for HT production by overexpressing Escherichia coli native hydroxylase HpaBC. To enhance transamination of tyrosine to 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate, NH4Cl was removed from the culture media. To decrease oxidation of HT, ascorbic acid was...

Establishing an Artificial Pathway for Efficient Biosynthesis of Hydroxytyrosol.

Hydroxytyrosol (HT) is a highly potent antioxidant originating in nature as a second metabolite of plants, most abundantly in olives (Olea europaea). In the last decade, numerous research studies showed the health benefits of antioxidants in general and those of HT in particular. As olive oil is a prime constituent of the health-promoting Mediterranean diet, HT has obtained recognition for its attributes, supported by a recent health claim of the European Food Safety Authority. HT is already used as a food supplement and in cosmetic products, but it has the potential to be used as a food additive and drug, based on its anticarcinogenic, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and neuroprotective activity. Nevertheless, there is a large gap between the potential of HT and its current availability in the market due to its high price tag. In this review, the challenges of producing HT using biotechnological methods are described with an emphasis on the substrate source, the biocatalyst and the process parameters, in order to narrow the gap towards an efficient bio-based industrial process.

The antioxidant hydroxytyrosol: biotechnological production challenges and opportunities

Hydroxytyrosol is a high-value-added compound with a variety of biological and pharmacological activities. In this study, a whole-cell catalytic method for the synthesis of hydroxytyrosol was developed: aromatic amino acid aminotransferase (TyrB), l-glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH), α-keto acid decarboxylase (PmKDC), and aldehyde reductase (YahK) were co-expressed in Escherichia coli to catalyze the synthesis of hydroxytyrosol from l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-DOPA). The plasmids with different copy numbers were used to balance the expression of the four enzymes, and the most appropriate strain (pRSF- yahK- tyrB and pCDF- gdh- Pmkdc) was identified. After determination of the optimum temperature (35 °C) and pH (7.5) for whole-cell catalysis, the yield of hydroxytyrosol reached 36.33 mM (5.59 g/L) and the space-time yield reached 0.70 g L-1 h-1.

Efficient Synthesis of Hydroxytyrosol from l-3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine Using Engineered Escherichia coli Whole Cells.

Due to the success achieved by graphene, several 2D carbon-based allotropes were theoretically predicted and experimentally synthesized. We used density functional theory and reactive molecular dynamics simulations to investigate the mechanical, structural, electronic, and optical properties of 8-16-4 Graphyne. The results showed that this material exhibits good dynamical and thermal stabilities. Its formation energy and elastic moduli are -8.57 eV/atom and 262.37 GPa, respectively. This graphyne analogue is a semi-metal and presents two Dirac cones in its band structure. Moreover, it is transparent, and its intense optical activity is limited to the infrared region. Remarkably, the band structure of 8-16-4 Graphyne remains practically unchanged at even moderate strain regimes. As far as we know, this is the first 2D carbon allotrope to exhibit this behavior.

Mechanical, Electronic, and Optical Properties of 8-16-4 Graphyne: A 2D Carbon Allotrope with Dirac Cones

Efficient Synthesis of Hydroxytyrosol from 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

High-Flux lamellar MoSe2 membranes for efficient dye/salt separation.

The presented synthesis is distinguished by mild conditions, high efficiency, and low cost.

Efficient Synthesis of Hydroxytyrosol from 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde.

A novel method for synthesis of γ-graphyne and their charge transfer properties

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Efficient Synthesis of Hydroxytyrosol from 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde

High-Flux lamellar MoSe2 membranes for efficient dye/salt separation.

Efficient Synthesis of Hydroxytyrosol from 3,4-Dihydroxybenzaldehyde.

A novel method for synthesis of γ-graphyne and their charge transfer properties