Diamide insecticides selectively acting on insect ryanodine receptors (RyR) were launched to the market more than 10 years ago, particularly targeted for the control of lepidopteran pest species in diverse agronomic and horticultural cropping systems. They are now globally registered in many countries and provide reliable control levels in most settings. However, their frequent application, due to alternative mode of action chemistries often not providing sufficient levels of control, has resulted in the selection of diamide resistance in some of the world’s most destructive lepidopteran species, including populations of diamondback moth, tomato leafminer, rice stem borer and more recently beet armyworm. High levels of diamide resistance, compromising diamide efficacy at recommended field rates, has been shown to be conferred by RyR target-site mutations affecting diamide binding. The present work reviews the global status of diamide insecticide resistance in lepidopteran pests, with special reference to RyR target-site alterations. Furthermore, we discuss principles enabling the prediction of the impact and spread of diamide resistance, based on population genetics and associated fitness costs as influenced by the known target-site mutations recently described. In this context, we reiterate calls by the Insecticide Resistance Action Committee to implement effective diamide insecticide resistance management by following a three-step strategy of resistance identification, tracking and prediction according to the protocols discussed in this article.

/pdf/diamide-resistance-10-years-of-lessons-from-lepidopteran-565x5wkphv.pdf

Diamide resistance: 10 years of lessons from lepidopteran pests

Diamide insecticides, such as flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole, are a new class of insecticide with a novel mode of action, selectively activating the insect ryanodine receptor (RyR). They are particularly active against lepidopteran pests of cruciferous vegetable crops, including the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella. However, within a relatively short period following their commercialisation, a comparatively large number of control failures have been reported in the field. In this review we summarise the current body of knowledge regarding the molecular mechanisms of diamide resistance in P. xylostella. Resistant phenotypes collected from different countries can often be linked to specific target-site mutation(s) in the ryanodine receptors' transmembrane domain. Metabolic mechanisms of resistance have also been proposed. Rapid resistance development is probably a consequence of over-reliance on this one class of chemistry for diamondback moth control.

Rapid selection for resistance to diamide insecticides in Plutella xylostella via specific amino acid polymorphisms in the ryanodine receptor.

Diamides, such as flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole, belong to a new chemical class of insecticides that act as conformation-sensitive activators of insect ryanodine receptors (RyRs). Both compounds are registered for use against lepidopteran species such as the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella, a notorious global pest of cruciferous crops. Recently acquired resistance to diamide insecticides in this species is thought to be due to a target-site mutation conferring an amino acid substitution (G4946E), located within the trans-membrane domain of the RyR, though the exact role of this mutation has not yet been fully determined. To address this we have cloned a full-length cDNA encoding the P. xylostella RyR and established clonal Sf9 cell lines stably expressing either the wildtype RyR or the G4946E variant, in order to test the sensitivity to flubendiamide and chlorantraniliprole on the recombinant receptor. We report that the efficacy of both diamides was dramatically reduced in clonal Sf9 cells stably expressing the G4946E modified RyR, providing clear functional evidence that the G4946E RyR mutation impairs diamide insecticide binding.

Stable expression and functional characterisation of the diamondback moth ryanodine receptor G4946E variant conferring resistance to diamide insecticides

The amino acid mutations in ryanodine receptor (RyR) and elevated activity of detoxification enzymes have been associated with the diamide insecticide resistance in the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella (L.). The up-regulation of P. xylostella RyR mRNA (PxRyR) expression has also been reported in field populations of different graphical origin. However, whether the up-regulation of PxRyR is involved in diamide resistance remains unknown. In this paper, 2.28- to 4.14-fold higher expression of PxRyR was detected in five field collected resistant populations, compared to that in a susceptible population. The expression of PxRyR was up-regulated 5.0- and 7.2-fold, respectively, after P. xylostella was treated with LC50 and LC75 of chlorantraniliprole for 12 h. Suppression of PxRyR using RNA interference restored the toxicity of chlorantraniliprole against the fourth instar larvae from the resistant population. More importantly, the expression of PxRyR is regulated by two miRNAs, miR-7a and miR-8519. These findings provide an empirical evidence of the involvement of miRNAs in the regulation of insecticide resistance, and shed light on the novel targets for the sustainable management of this devastating insect pest.

/pdf/mirnas-regulated-overexpression-of-ryanodine-receptor-is-jsw2f0n3tr.pdf

miRNAs regulated overexpression of ryanodine receptor is involved in chlorantraniliprole resistance in Plutella xylostella (L.)

Background The rice striped stem borer (SSB), Chilo suppressalis (Walker), is one of the most economically important and destructive rice pests in China. To date, the efficiency of conventional insecticides has decreased greatly because of the development of high resistance. Since the introduction of chlorantraniliprole in 2008, SSB has presented resistance issues. Results In this study, laboratory resistant strains R1 and R2 [resistance ratio (RR) of 38.8 and 110.4, respectively] were established and a field population HR (RR of 249.6) was collected. Synergist assessment and enzyme activity data suggested the potential involvement of P450s and esterases in the resistance mechanism. No target (ryanodine receptor, RyR) mutation was found in R1, but a novel mutation Y4667D was found in R2. At the same position of RyR in HR strain, Y4667D and Y4667C were observed at low frequencies. In addition, the conserved mutation I4758M was found with a frequency of 94.4%. RyR mRNA expression was significantly lower in R1, R2 and HR than in S. When treated with chlorantraniliprole, RyR mRNA expression in all four strains was downregulated to ∼ 50%. Conclusions A comprehensive analysis, including biochemical, target mutations and target mRNA expression, was conducted in an attempt to interpret the chlorantraniliprole resistance mechanism in both laboratory and field SSB strains. © 2017 Society of Chemical Industry.

Chlorantraniliprole resistance and its biochemical and new molecular target mechanisms in laboratory and field strains of Chilo suppressalis (Walker)

Cycloxaprid: A novel cis-nitromethylene neonicotinoid insecticide to control imidacloprid-resistant cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii)

Modulation of the expression of ryanodine receptor mRNA from Plutella xylostella as a result of diamide insecticide application.

The invention discloses a composition with insecticidal activity and a use method thereof, belonging to the field of pesticides. The composition with insecticidal activity is a mixture composed of atleast one compound (a) and a compound (b), the compound (a) is chlorantraniliprole and cyantraniliprole, and the compound (b) is carbaryl. Indoor toxicity determination results show that the co-toxicity coefficient of the composition is greater than 120, and the composition has an obvious systemic synergistic effect on prevention and treatment of chewing pests such as spodoptera frugiperda, ostrinia nubilalis, cotton bollworm, chilo suppressalis, tryporyza incertulas and cnaphalocrocis medinalis, and is better than a single agent. The mixture processing preparation comprises a suspending agent, a seed treatment suspending agent, granules and the like.

Insecticidal composition with systemic synergism and application thereof

The invention relates to a synergistic composition containing oxyfluorfen and prohexadione calcium for controlling tips of citrus trees. The effective components of the synergistic composition are oxyfluorfen and prohexadione calcium which are compounded in a binary manner. The mass ratio of the oxyfluorfen to the prohexadione calcium in the composition is (1: 50)-(50: 1), and the mass percentageof the effective components, namely, the oxyfluorfen and the prohexadione calcium, in the preparation is 1%-80%. The composition disclosed by the invention has a remarkable synergistic effect, the shoot killing rate on tender shoots of citrus is obviously higher than that of a single agent, the growth of summer shoots and autumn shoots of citrus trees can be effectively controlled, the aims of controlling shoots, protecting flowers and fruits and reducing the population quantity of diaphorina citri are achieved, and the composition is a labor-saving, time-saving, economical and effective way.

Citrus tree tip control composition and application thereof

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Cycloxaprid: A novel cis-nitromethylene neonicotinoid insecticide to control imidacloprid-resistant cotton aphid (Aphis gossypii)

Modulation of the expression of ryanodine receptor mRNA from Plutella xylostella as a result of diamide insecticide application.

Insecticidal composition with systemic synergism and application thereof

Citrus tree tip control composition and application thereof