The present paper reviews the most recent advances regarding the effects of chemical and organic fertilizers on soil microbial communities. Based on the results from the articles considered, some details are presented on how the use of various types of fertilizers affects the composition and activity of soil microbial communities. Soil microbes have different responses to fertilization based on differences in the total carbon (C), nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) contents in the soil, along with soil moisture and the presence of plant species. These articles show that the use of chemical fertilizers changes the abundance of microbial populations and stimulates their growth thanks to the nutrient supply added. Overall, however, the data revealed that chemical fertilizers have no significant influence on the richness and diversity of the bacteria and fungi. Instead, the abundance of individual bacterial or fungal species was sensitive to fertilization and was mainly attributed to the changes in the soil chemical properties induced by chemical or organic fertilization. Among the negative effects of chemical fertilization, the decrease in enzymatic activity has been highlighted by several papers, especially in soils that have received the largest amounts of fertilizers together with losses in organic matter.

/pdf/fertilization-and-soil-microbial-community-a-review-25dz82os.pdf

Fertilization and Soil Microbial Community: A Review

Cultivars of purple tea (Camellia sinensis) that accumulate anthocyanins in place of catechins are currently attracting global interest in their use as functional health beverages. RNA-seq of normal (LJ43) and purple Zijuan (ZJ) cultivars identified the transcription factor CsMYB75 and phi (F) class glutathione transferase CsGSTF1 as being associated with anthocyanin hyperaccumulation. Both genes mapped as a quantitative trait locus (QTL) to the purple bud leaf color (BLC) trait in F1 populations, with CsMYB75 promoting the expression of CsGSTF1 in transgenic tobacco (Nicotiana tabacum). Although CsMYB75 elevates the biosynthesis of both catechins and anthocyanins, only anthocyanins accumulate in purple tea, indicating selective downstream regulation. As glutathione transferases in other plants are known to act as transporters (ligandins) of flavonoids, directing them for vacuolar deposition, the role of CsGSTF1 in selective anthocyanin accumulation was investigated. In tea, anthocyanins accumulate in multiple vesicles, with the expression of CsGSTF1 correlated with BLC, but not with catechin content, in diverse germplasm. Complementation of the Arabidopsis tt19-8 mutant, which is unable to express the orthologous ligandin AtGSTF12, restored anthocyanin accumulation, but did not rescue the transparent testa phenotype, confirming that CsGSTF1 did not function in catechin accumulation. Consistent with a ligandin function, transient expression of CsGSTF1 in Nicotiana occurred in the nucleus, cytoplasm and membrane. Furthermore, RNA-Seq of the complemented mutants exposed to 2% sucrose as a stress treatment showed unexpected roles for anthocyanin accumulation in affecting the expression of genes involved in redox responses, phosphate homeostasis and the biogenesis of photosynthetic components, as compared with non-complemented plants.

https://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/pdf/10.1111/tpj.14161

A coupled role for CsMYB75 and CsGSTF1 in anthocyanin hyperaccumulation in purple tea.

The agricultural industry utilizes antibiotic growth promoters to promote livestock growth and health. However, the World Health Organization has raised concerns over the ongoing spread of antibiotic resistance transmission in the populace, leading to its subsequent ban in several countries, especially in the European Union. These restrictions have translated into an increase in pathogenic outbreaks in the agricultural industry, highlighting the need for an economically viable, non-toxic, and renewable alternative to antibiotics in livestock. Probiotics inhibit pathogen growth, promote a beneficial microbiota, regulate the immune response of its host, enhance feed conversion to nutrients, and form biofilms that block further infection. Commonly used lactic acid bacteria probiotics are vulnerable to the harsh conditions of the upper gastrointestinal system, leading to novel research using spore-forming bacteria from the genus Bacillus. However, the exact mechanisms behind Bacillus probiotics remain unexplored. This review tackles this issue, by reporting antimicrobial compounds produced from Bacillus strains, their proposed mechanisms of action, and any gaps in the mechanism studies of these compounds. Lastly, this paper explores omics approaches to clarify the mechanisms behind Bacillus probiotics.

/pdf/antimicrobial-bacillus-metabolites-and-their-mode-of-action-211l397y.pdf

Antimicrobial Bacillus: Metabolites and Their Mode of Action

A novel bacteriocin BMP11 and its antibacterial mechanism on cell envelope of Listeria monocytogenes and Cronobacter sakazakii

Bacillus subtilis is a remarkably diverse bacterial species that displays many ecological functions. Given its genomic diversity, the strain Bacillus subtilis EA-CB0575, isolated from the rhizosphere of a banana plant, was sequenced and assembled to determine the genomic potential associated with its plant growth promotion potential. The genome was sequenced by Illumina technology and assembled using Velvet 1.2.10, resulting in a whole genome of 4.09 Mb with 4332 genes. Genes involved in the production of indoles, siderophores, lipopeptides, volatile compounds, phytase, bacilibactin, and nitrogenase were predicted by gene annotation or by metabolic pathway prediction by RAST. These potential traits were determined using in vitro biochemical tests, finding that B. subtilis EA-CB0575 produces two families of lipopeptides (surfactin and fengycin), solubilizes phosphate, fixes nitrogen, and produces indole and siderophores compounds. Finally, strain EA-CB0575 increased 34.60% the total dry weight (TDW) of tomato plants with respect to non-inoculated plants at greenhouse level. These results suggest that the identification of strain-specific genes and predicted metabolic pathways might explain the strain potential to promote plant growth by several mechanisms of action, accelerating the development of plant biostimulants for sustainable agricultural.

Bacillus subtilis EA-CB0575 genome reveals clues for plant growth promotion and potential for sustainable agriculture

The excessive and irrational use of chemical fertilizers poses a series of environmental problems. A growing number of research studies have focused on the application of beneficial microorganisms to reduce the use of chemical fertilizers. Here, potato field experiments were conducted to investigate whether partial replacement of chemical fertilizers with bio-organic fertilizers containing Bacillus velezensis BA-26 had an effect on plant growth, soil fertility, and soil microbial community composition. Three treatment methods were used in this study: organic fertilizer (OF), bio-organic fertilizer (BOF), and chemical fertilizer (CF). The results showed that the biomass and soluble sugar content of potato were significantly increased with BOF treatment. The soil electrical conductivity, available phosphorus (AP), available potassium (AK), urease, and alkaline phosphatase activity also improved with BOF treatment. Further analysis revealed that BOF treatment increases bacterial diversity and reduces fungal diversity. Potentially, pathogenic microbials; such as Fusarium, Verticillium, and Botryotrichum; treated with BOF were significantly decreased compared with CF treatment. Redundancy analysis showed that soil conductivity and AP had significant effects on bacterial and fungal community composition. Thus, the results suggest that the application of bio-organic fertilizer could reduce the use of chemical fertilizers by promoting potato growth, improving soil fertility, and affecting microbial community

/pdf/effects-of-bio-organic-fertilizer-on-soil-fertility-2y4v7mk2nz.pdf

Effects of bio-organic fertilizer on soil fertility, microbial community composition, and potato growth

The invention relates to broad-spectrum compound microbial bacteria for preventing and treating vegetable fungal diseases, and belongs to the technical field of agricultural biological prevention and treatment. The broad-spectrum compound microbial bacteria is compounded from four microorganisms, namely bacillus subtilis BSD-2 ((i) Bacillus subtilis), brevibacillus brevis ch2 ((i) Brevibacillus brevis), bacillus amyloliquefaciens Y10 ((i) bacillus amyloliquefaciens) and paenibacillus polymyxa Y89 ((i) Paenibacillus polymyxa) according to a certain ratio. By adopting the compound bacteria, the vegetable fungal diseases of a greenhouse or a large field, for example, botrytis, leaf mold, downy mildew, powdery mildew, blight and the like can be effectively prevented and treated, the field efficacy can be up to over 70%, the yield is increased by 5-20%, and the broad-spectrum compound microbial bacteria are significant in economic, social and ecological benefits, and have broad popularization and application prospects.

Compound microbial bacteria and application thereof in prevention and treatment of vegetable fungal diseases

The invention relates to microorganism bacteria mixture capable of performing anaerobic biodegradation on dregs of traditional Chinese medicine to produce methane, belonging to the technical field of anaerobic fermentation. The microorganism bacteria mixture is compounded by cellulomonas fimi, bacillus cereus, bacillus amyloliquefaciens, clostridium papyrosolvens, clostridium bifermentans, clostridium glycolicum, and clostridium butyricum in certain proportions. The microorganism bacteria mixture can effectively increase hydrolysis efficiency of anaerobic fermentation of the dregs of the traditional Chinese medicine as well as methane productivity at the normal or intermediate temperature, and can also exert obvious promoting effects on the anaerobic fermentation of raw materials like cowdung, straws and the like, which are high in cellulose content.

Microorganism bacteria mixture and application thereof in promoting production of methane by dregs of traditional Chinese medicine by anaerobic fermentation

The invention relates to a Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Y10 and application thereof. The Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Y10 is collected by China General Microbiological Culture Collection Center in China Committee for Culture Collection of Microorganisms on October 18th, 2013, and the collection number is CGMCC No.8362. The Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Y10 provided by the invention is separated from soil; the optimal growth temperature is 25-35 DEG C, and the pH value is 6.8-7.5; and the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Y10 has the capacity for producing amylases, proteases and lipases. When being used for anaerobic fermentation of kitchen waste, the Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Y10 enhances the marsh gas production rate by 15-40%. The Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Y10 can effectively enhance the anaerobic fermentation hydrolysis and marsh gas production efficiency of waste or wastewater containing proteins, starch, fat and the like, and has important meanings for promoting conversion of organic waste into harmless substances, resources and energy sources.

Bacillus amyloliquefaciens Y10 and application thereof

Paenibacillus polymyxa is a well-known Gram-positive biocontrol bacterium. It has been reported that many P. polymyxa strains can inhibit bacteria, fungi and other plant pathogens. Paenibacillus polymyxa employs a variety of mechanisms to promote plant growth, so it is necessary to understand the biocontrol ability of bacteria at the genome level. In the present study, thanks to the widespread availability of Paenibacillus genome data and the development of bioinformatics tools, we were able to analyze and mine the genomes of 43 P. polymyxa strains. The strain NCTC4744 was determined not to be P. polymyxa according to digital DNA-DNA hybridization and average nucleotide identity. By analysis of the pan-genome and the core genome, we found that the pan-genome of P. polymyxa was open and that there were 3,192 core genes. In a gene cluster analysis of secondary metabolites, 797 secondary metabolite gene clusters were found, of which 343 are not similar to known clusters and are expected to reveal a large number of new secondary metabolites. We also analyzed the plant growth-promoting genes that were mined and found, surpisingly, that these genes are highly conserved. The results of the present study not only reveal a large number of unknown potential secondary metabolite gene clusters in P. polymyxa, but also suggest that plant growth promotion characteristics are evolutionary adaptations of P. polymyxa to plant-related habitats.

/pdf/comparative-genome-analysis-and-mining-of-secondary-3cj79xp6cc.pdf

Comparative genome analysis and mining of secondary metabolites of Paenibacillus polymyxa

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