Rheological and textural properties of milk, cream, butter and cheese are reviewed and discussed in light of available information on their structure. It is pointed out that semantic problems hindered a more organized approach to texture studies, while economical considerations prevented a general use of instrumental quality control methods.

Rheology and texture of dairy products

Oxalate metabolization by soil microorganisms was assessed using a calcium oxalate clearing medium and14CO2 release from [14C]-oxalate. Three saprophytic fungi, two bacteria, and one actinomycete tested produced14CO2 when grown in culture with [14C]-oxalate, yet failed to test positive for oxalate degradation using a calcium-clearing medium. A field plot was then established to determine the effects of oxalate inputs on oxalate metabolism. The amount of [14C]-oxalate metabolized by soil microorganisms and the number of bacteria metabolizing oxalate increased within 24 h after the addition of oxalic acid at a concentration of 11.1 μmol g-1 soil. Oxalate metabolism and bacterial numbers returned to the baseline within 84 days. Soil phosphate concentrations increased significantly above baseline 7 days after the addition of oxalate and did not return to prespike levels. Fungi, bacteria, and actinomycetes were able to metabolize oxalate. Therefore, while oxalate can influence P cycles by increasing the amount of available phosphates, that increase is mediated by microbes that metabolize the oxalates.

Oxalate-metabolizing microorganisms in sagebrush steppe soil

The technique described consists of monitoring the extravasation of intravenously injected 125I-labelled plasma albumin in a fold of skin during a response to an inflammatory stimulus. A system was devised for the measurement of intravascular clearance of labelled albumin; and the equation to the clearance curve was used to compute corrections to the data obtained in skin monitoring experiments. Concentration of intravascular labelled protein was determined by taking a blood sample after each experiment, counting it in a well counter and using the clearance curve to calculate the blood concentration immediately following intravenous injection. This enabled results to be expressed in terms of extravasation of plasma in μl/min. Little change in skin intravascular volume was observed in inflammatory responses, as measured by 32P-red blood cell count. Basic differences were observed between responses elicited by a range of agents, illustrated by a comparison between: histamine; prostaglandin E1; kallikrein; thermal injury; and lymphokine. The technique is compared with other methods.

Measurement of rate of extravasation of plasma protein in inflammatory responses in guinea-pig skin using a continuous recording method.

Antlers were removed sequentially from 18 mature red deer stags between 28 and 112 days after casting of the previous hard antlers and the blood volume determined and structure investigated histologically. One antler from each stag was removed during the growth phase, the other at velvet shedding. Antler blood volume increased linearly, with increasing antler weight at a rate of 194 ml/kg between 28 and 91 days after casting but subsequently declined rapidly. A zone of mineralisation occurred between 5 and 10 cm below the antler tip until 91 days but was subsequently markedly reduced in size and replaced by bone. Between 91 and 112 days growth slowed and a rapid increase in formation of compact cortical bone occurred in the periphery of the whole antler. These changes were associated with increasing circulating levels of testosterone.

Changes in blood content and histology during growth of antlers in red deer (Cervus elaphus) and their relationship to plasma testosterone levels.

After intraluminal injection of 0.5 ml buffer solution into closed jejunal segments (length, 3–5 cm) of anesthetized rats the appearance rates of a series of labeled substances in jejunal venous blood were measured for 30 min in situ (initial concentration, 0.02–10 mmol/1 or 1 GBq/1 tritiated water). The appearance rates quickly rose to a maximum and then declined almost exponentially. Model analysis of the descending of branch of the curves by two one-compartment models (perfect luminal mixing, radial diffusion without convection) revealed a relative pre-epithelial diffusion resistance of nearly 100% for benzoic acid, salicylic acid, l-lysine (0.02 and 1 mmol/1), α-methyl-d-glucoside, and l-phenylalanine; 80% to 95% for aniline and butanol; 50% to 80% for benzyl alcohol, theophylline, aminopyrine, antipyrine, dodecanol, and d-galactose; approximately 40% for tritiated water; approximately 30% for l-lysine (10 mmol/1); 10% to 20% for urea and benzylamine; and approximately 4% for erythritol. The shape of the curves was well described by a two-compartment model (intestinal lumen and “tissue”, radial luminal diffusion without convection); the variability of the data, however, prevented closer analysis of the parameters of this model. Since pre-epithelial diffusion (unstirred layer) in the closed jejunal segment without peristalsis is the rate limiting step in the absorption process of highly permeant substances, information on intestinal epithelium can be obtained only with poorly permeant substances.

Closed rat jejunal segment in situ: role of pre-epithelial diffusion resistance (unstirred layer) in the absorption process and model analysis

RADIOACTIVE SUBSTANCES are used in diagnostic procedures because they have exactly the same body chemistry as their nonradioactive counterparts ordinarily employed. For example, if radioactive iodine is administered to a patient, it will go through exactly the same chemical and physiological processes within the body as ordinary iodine. The only difference is that the radioactive iodine may be traced with simple instruments that detect radioactivity and, therefore, a patient whose illness involves some misfunction of iodine metabolism can be studied in this way much more accurately and rapidly than would be possible by older methods. In addition, since concentrations of the radioactive substance in the living patient can be detected and studied, information about body chemistry and physiology which was never obtainable before, is easily studied by this method. Iodine is one of the most commonly used diagnostic tracer elements employed in the hospital because it is specific for the study of thyroid disease. Phosphorus is important for study of the skeleton and its diseases, such as osteogenic sarcoma; iron for the study of blood dyscrasias; strontium and calcium for the study of calcium metabolism; zinc for the study of pancreatic function and disfunction-all may be used at different times and the same general rules of procedure apply to all of these. These radioactive tracer substances are used in a manner entirely different from the methods employed in using radium. Radium is always used confined in some kind of a container, such as a smalt platinum needle, tube, or plaque. It treats the patient solely with its energetic radiation, which penetrates through the container and through the surrounding tissue, like x-rays, and the radium itself does not enter in any way into the body's metabolism, or have any chance to circulate in the body or to escape and contaminate the surroundings.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/3457773.pdf

Use of radioactive isotopes.

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Use of radioactive isotopes.