Emotional valence is predominately conveyed in social interactions by words and facial expressions. The existence of broad biases which favor more efficient processing of positive or negative emotions is still a controversial matter. While so far this question has been investigated separately for each modality, in this narrative review of the literature we focus on valence effects in processing both words and facial expressions. In order to identify the factors underlying positivity and negativity effects, and to uncover whether these effects depend on modality and age, we present and analyze three representative overviews of the literature concerning valence effects in word processing, face processing, and combinations of word and face processing. Our analysis of word processing studies points to a positivity bias or a balanced processing of positive and negative words, whereas the analysis of face processing studies showed the existence of separate positivity and negativity biases depending on the experimental paradigm. The mixed results seem to be a product of the different methods and types of stimuli being used. Interestingly, we found that children exhibit a clear positivity advantage for both word and face processing, indicating similar processing biases in both modalities. Over the course of development, the initial positivity advantage gradually disappears, and in some face processing studies even reverses into a negativity bias. We therefore conclude that there is a need for future research that systematically analyses the impact of age and modality on the emergence of these valence effects. Finally, we discuss possible explanations for the presence of the early positivity advantage and its subsequent decrease.

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The Role of Emotional Valence for the Processing of Facial and Verbal Stimuli-Positivity or Negativity Bias?

. Extensive research exists on coping in children and adolescents. However, developmental issues have only recently started to receive more attention. The present study examined age differences and developmental changes in six coping strategies (social support seeking, problem solving, avoidant coping, palliative emotion regulation, anger-related emotion regulation, and media use) assessed by a coping questionnaire (German Stress and Coping Questionnaire for Children and Adolescents, SSKJ 3–8; Lohaus, Eschenbeck, Kohlmann, & Klein-Hesling, 2006) in middle/late childhood and early adolescence. At the initial assessment, 917 children from grades 3 to 7 (age range 8–15 years) were included (cross-sectional sample). Three cohorts (grades 3–5 at baseline) were traced longitudinally over 1½ years with four assessments (longitudinal sample: n = 388). The cross-sectional coping data showed significant effects for grade level in four coping strategies. Older children scored higher in problem solving and me...

Development of Coping Strategies From Childhood to Adolescence

Processing of novel and familiar faces in infants at average and high risk for autism.

We investigated the development of the other-race effect ORE in a longitudinal sample of 3-, 6-, and 9-month-old Caucasian infants Previous research using cross-sectional samples has shown an unstable ORE at 3months, an increase at 6months and full development at 9months In Experiment 1, we tested whether 9-month-olds showed the ORE with Caucasian and African faces As expected, the 9-month-olds discriminated faces within their own ethnicity (Caucasian) but not within the unfamiliar ethnicity (African) In months In Experiment 2, we longitudinally tested infants at 3, 6, and 9months by presenting either the Caucasian or the African faces used in Experiment 1 In contrast to previous cross-sectional studies and Experiment 1, we found that infants discriminated between all stimuli Hence, we did not find the ORE in this longitudinal study even at 9months We assume that the infants in our longitudinal study showed no ORE because of previous repetitive exposure to African faces at 3 and 6months We argue that only a few presentations of faces from other ethnic categories sufficiently slow the development of the ORE

The Other-Race Effect in a Longitudinal Sample of 3-, 6-and 9-Month-Old Infants: Evidence of a Training Effect

Influence of Emotional Facial Expressions on 3-5-Year-Olds' Face Recognition.

Three studies were conducted to determine whether 7- and 9-month-old infants generalize face identity to a novel pose of the same face when only internal face sections with and without an emotional...

Face recognition across varying poses in 7- and 9-month-old infants: The role of facial expression

Use of school and leisure activities by children and adolescents: The influence of gender, age and obesity diagnosis.

. Research of the Division of Educational Psychology and Health Psychology has four main topics: 1. Analysis of processing of threat-related information in children is seen as a step towards a better understanding and assessment of vigilant and avoidant coping strategies. 2. Findings concerning gender differences in stress and coping in children and adolescents show that girls in early and middle adolescence display a more favorable coping pattern in social relations than their male peers. Therefore, a focus on the gender-specific development of coping strategies is needed when tailoring programs in stress prevention. 3. Social influences in the context of health behavior change are studied in adults. Cross-sectional and longitudinal studies focus on risk perception, intention formation, and behavior adoption. 4. Aims of the network of school based health promotion are implementation and evaluation of health promoting activities along with the opportunity for networking and training possibilities ...

Stress, coping, and health behaviors

The study analysed differences in coping strategies between obese and non-obese children and adolescents (age: 8–14 years) in response to a social stressor. Physicians' diagnoses of obesity and self-reports on height and weight as well as gender and age were considered. A sample of 757 participants responded to an established German coping questionnaire. In addition to general coping strategies, two more potentially weight-related coping strategies were assessed. Adolescent obese girls who reported height and weight realistically showed particularly little social support-seeking behavior. Media use in general increased with age, but was especially high for adolescent obese boys who evaluated themselves as obese. Finally, girls in general and obese children and adolescents who evaluated themselves as overweight or obese showed higher stress-related eating. With regard to coping it seems to be a disadvantage for obese children and adolescents to see themselves as obese. In contrast, obese children and adolescents who have unrealistically positive self-evaluations of their weight report coping strategies similar to those reported by normal weight children and adolescents. It is assumed that positive self-evaluations of body weight prevent especially obese adolescents from inactivity and social isolation. Findings are relevant for the design of interventions to treat obesity.

Coping in Children and Adolescents with Obesity: The Costs and Benefits of Realistic versus Unrealistic Weight Evaluations

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Face recognition across varying poses in 7- and 9-month-old infants: The role of facial expression

Use of school and leisure activities by children and adolescents: The influence of gender, age and obesity diagnosis.

Stress, coping, and health behaviors

Coping in Children and Adolescents with Obesity: The Costs and Benefits of Realistic versus Unrealistic Weight Evaluations