http://wpg.forestry.oregonstate.edu/sites/wpg/files/seminars/06_Goudie_Geomorph.pdf

Global warming and fluvial geomorphology

In the centre of Morocco, the High Atlas mountain range represents the most important water storage for the neighbouring arid plains through liquid and solid precipitation. In this context, we evaluated the performance of the Snowmelt Runoff Model (SRM) on the five main tributary watersheds of the High Atlas range. Due to the very low density of climate stations in the High Atlas, snowfall and snowmelt processes are difficult to monitor using meteorological data alone. In order to compensate for the lack of in situ data, snow maps are also derived from remotely-sensed data. We compared the streamflow forecasting performance when the model is driven by one or the other estimate of snow-covered area. Both estimates are generally comparable in all watersheds, and satisfactory streamflow simulations were obtained at seasonal time scales using both snow-cover products. However, significant differences can be observed for selected storms, with more accurate streamflow predictions being obtained when the remotely-sensed data are used.

/pdf/evaluation-of-the-snowmelt-runoff-model-in-the-moroccan-high-8ulx610i2m.pdf

Evaluation of the snowmelt runoff model in the Moroccan High Atlas Mountains using two snow-cover estimates

Optimal design of low impact development practices in response to climate change

This paper applied an integrated method combining grey relation analysis, wavelet analysis and statistical analysis to study climate change and its effects on runoff of the Kaidu River at multi-time scales. Major findings are as follows: 1) Climatic factors were ranked in the order of importance to annual runoff as average annual temperature, average temperature in autumn, average temperature in winter, annual precipitation, precipitation in flood season, average temperature in summer, and average temperature in spring. The average annual temperature and annual precipitation were selected as the two representative factors that impact the annual runoff. 2) From the 32-year time scale, the annual runoff and the average annual temperature presented a significantly rising trend, whereas the annual precipitation showed little increase over the period of 1957–2002. By changing the time scale from 32-year to 4-year, we observed nonlinear trends with increasingly obvious oscillations for annual runoff, average annual temperature, and annual precipitation. 3) The changes of the runoff and the regional climate are closely related, indicating that the runoff change is the result of the regional climate changes. With time scales ranging from 32-year, 16-year, 8-year and to 4-year, there are highly significant linear correlations between the annual runoff and the average annual temperature and the annual precipitation.

Climate change and its effects on runoff of Kaidu River, Xinjiang, China: A multiple time-scale analysis

Climate change and hydrologic process response in the Tarim River Basin over the past 50 years are the focus of more and more researchers’ attention. In this paper, both temperature and precipitation time series were found to present a monotonic increasing trend using nonparametric tests. Noticeably, a significant step change in both temperature and precipitation time series occurred in 1986. By contrasting the trends of natural water process in headstream and mainstream, we found that it was anthropogenic activities not climate change that caused the river dried up and vegetation degenerated in the lower reaches of Tarim River. The results of gray correlation analysis show that the runoff of higher latitude distributing river is more closely associated with winter snow stocking, while that of lower latitude is more closely related to summer temperature. Runoff in the headstream is more sensitive to precipitation, while that in the mainstream is more sensitive to evaporation. The strong evaporation caused by increasing temperature weakened runoff to some extent in spite of the fact that precipitation increased over the past 50 years.

Climate change and hydrologic process response in the Tarim River Basin over the past 50 years

The combined influence of increased temperatures and changed precipitation on the seasonal snow cover and runoff is evaluated for the Upper Rhine Basin at Felsberg (3250 km 2 , 560-3614 m a.s.l.). The runoff regime reflects the snow accumulation in the winter half-year and snowmelt in the summer half-year. The method of predicting future runoff regimes is based on high resolution periodical snow cover mapping by satellites. The snow coverage is the main input variable for the snowmelt runoff model SRM-ETH (version of the Institute of Technology ETH). The model computes the present runoff and the climate-affected snow-covered areas, from which it computes the future runoff. Conditions of the present climate are represented by a normalized year. Snow conditions and yearly hydrographs are evaluated for the years 2030 and 2100 according to the given climate scenarios for this region. Quantitative results indicate the decrease of the snow accumulation on 1 April as well as the seasonal redistribution and changes of runoff.

Effects of climate change on water resources and runoff in an Alpine basin

In Switzerland three Alpine test-sites have been identified for climate change studies. In these regions the sea- sonal snow cover is monitored by means of remote sensing satellite imagery. A detailed analysis of the snow cover distri- bution allows a more reliable evaluation of the areal extent of snow. The potential impact of climate change scenarios on the snow cover is studied by comparing the results of seasonal runoff modelling. water management in general. An accelerated snow ablation on mountain slopes due to expected higher temperatures must be taken into account in planning for winter tourism. The ear- lier disappearance of the seasonal snow cover and the result- ing lower albedo of the earth's surface may be used as feedback for climate models. The impact of future changes are studied by means of snowmelt and water equivalent simu- lations. The estimations are carried out with the 'Snowmelt Runoff Model' (SRM) using snow cover, temperature and precipitation as input. The concept of the project requires, that both GIS as well as remote sensing techniques are involved in combination with the runoff model.

http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel3/3940/11411/00524082.pdf

Mutual Effects of the Climate Change and the Alpine Snow Cover and their Influence on the Runoff Regime Evaluated with the Aid of Satellite Remote Sensing

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Effects of climate change on water resources and runoff in an Alpine basin

Mutual Effects of the Climate Change and the Alpine Snow Cover and their Influence on the Runoff Regime Evaluated with the Aid of Satellite Remote Sensing