Recent progresses in two-dimensional correlation spectroscopy (2D-COS)

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) has recently gained increasing attention for the detection of trace quantities of biomolecules due to its excellent molecular specificity, ultrasensitivity, and quantitative multiplex ability. Specific single or multiple biomarkers in complex biological environments generate strong and distinct SERS spectral signals when they are in the vicinity of optically active nanoparticles (NPs). When multivariate chemometrics are applied to decipher underlying biomarker patterns, SERS provides qualitative and quantitative information on the inherent biochemical composition and properties that may be indicative of healthy or diseased states. Moreover, SERS allows for differentiation among many closely-related causative agents of diseases exhibiting similar symptoms to guide early prescription of appropriate, targeted and individualised therapeutics. This review provides an overview of recent progress made by the application of SERS in the diagnosis of cancers, microbial and respiratory infections. It is envisaged that recent technology development will help realise full benefits of SERS to gain deeper insights into the pathological pathways for various diseases at the molecular level.

https://www.mdpi.com/2076-3417/9/6/1163/pdf

Enhancing Disease Diagnosis: Biomedical Applications of Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS)-based sensors utilize the electromagnetic-field enhancement of plasmonic substrates with the chemical specificity of vibrational Raman spectroscopy to identify trace amounts of a wide variety of different target analytes while being minimally affected by photobleaching. However, despite many advantageous features of this method, SERS sensors, particularly for detecting hazardous chemicals, suffer from several limitations such as requirement of gigantic signal enhancement that is often poorly controllable, subtle change and degradation of the SERS substrate, consecutive fluctuation of the signal, the lack of reliable receptors for capturing targets of interest and the absence of general principles for detecting various chemicals in different phases and matrices. To overcome these limitations and for SERS sensors to find practical use, one must (1) acknowledge the characteristics of the matrices of target systems, (2) finely engineer and tune the receptors of the SERS sensor to properly extract the target analyte from the phase, and (3) implement additional mechanistic modifications to enhance the plasmonic signal. This minireview underlines the difficulties associated with different phases and a wide range of target analytes, and introduces the practical measures undertaken to overcome the respective difficulties in SERS-based detection of hazardous chemicals.

Surface-enhanced Raman scattering-based detection of hazardous chemicals in various phases and matrices with plasmonic nanostructures.

For wide class characterizations of volatile organic compounds (VOCs), conventional gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS)-based techniques are utilized. These GC-MS-based chemical identification approaches typically rely on library searches against ion fragmentation patterns of known compounds. Although MS library searches can often provide correct chemical identities, erroneous chemical assignments of structurally similar unknown compounds are also possible. Other detection systems, such as absorption spectrometers, have been used for VOC analysis and can provide complementary absorption data. Here, we demonstrate the analytical advantages of coupling vacuum ultraviolet (VUV) absorption spectroscopy and MS in tandem for the improved characterization of structurally similar VOCs. We also discuss technical considerations and limitations of coupling a VUV spectrometer to a quadrupole mass spectrometer. Moreover, we show that combining the isomer selectivity of VUV spectroscopy, as a nondestructive an...

Vacuum Ultraviolet Spectroscopy and Mass Spectrometry: A Tandem Detection Approach for Improved Identification of Gas Chromatography-Eluting Compounds

A “Brick” Mass Spectrometer with Photoionization for Direct Analysis of Trace Volatile Compounds

Analysis of volatile organic compounds (VOCs) for medical and industrial applications typically requires complex and expensive mass spectrometric systems to achieve the desired sensitivity and specificity. Raman spectroscopy enables specific compound identification based on distinct spectral fingerprints but traditionally has low sensitivity. We have developed a novel Raman system that provides VOC detection in the low ppm range. VOCs from the gas phase are absorbed and enriched in a thin polymer film coated on the surface of an optical sensor element. The VOC enriched polymer film is probed with evanescent wave excitation and optimized Raman signal collection. The herein described Raman sensor is low-cost, robust, readily manufacturable, and capable of providing high sensitivity without the nanostructured sensors required for surface enhanced Raman spectroscopy. To suppress background noise and interfering spectral features while improving our ability to resolve VOC mixture spectra, we applied two-dimensional (2D) correlation analysis to time series spectra acquired during VOC absorption into the polymer film. We established proof of principle through analysis of known VOC biomarkers for selected bacterial pathogens. The system enabled VOC detection with significantly higher sensitivity than commercial Raman probes. We observed good agreement between spectra of VOCs in the thin film obtained after 2D correlation analysis, and of pure VOCs using a commercial probe. Mixture spectra were further de-convoluted based on the off-diagonal peaks observable in the 2D Raman spectrum in conjunction with segmented data analysis. We anticipate that this system can be applied to a variety of medical, industrial, and biodefense applications.

/pdf/raman-system-for-sensitive-and-selective-identification-of-2pbv658ayw.pdf

Raman system for sensitive and selective identification of volatile organic compounds

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Raman system for sensitive and selective identification of volatile organic compounds