Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs) as signal reporters is a popular point-of-care diagnostic technique. However, given the weak absorbance of traditional 20-40 nm spherical AuNPs, their sensitivity is low, which greatly limits the wide application of AuNP-based LFIA. With the rapid advances in materials science and nanotechnology, the synthesis of noble metal nanoparticles (NMNPs) has enhanced physicochemical properties such as optical, plasmonic, catalytic, and multifunctional activity by simply engineering their physical parameters, including the size, shape, composition, and external structure. Using these engineered NMNPs as an alternative to traditional AuNPs, the sensitivity of LFIA has been significantly improved, thereby greatly expanding the working range and application scenarios of LFIA, particularly in trace analysis. Therefore, in this review, we will focus on the design of engineered NMNPs and their demonstration in improving LFIA. We highlight the strategies available for tailoring NMNP designs, the effect of NMNP engineering on their performance, and the working principle of each engineering design for enhancing LFIA. Finally, current challenges and future improvements in this field are briefly discussed.

Tailoring noble metal nanoparticle designs to enable sensitive lateral flow immunoassay

Ultrasensitive multichannel immunochromatographic assay for rapid detection of foodborne bacteria based on two-dimensional film-like SERS labels

An ideal surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) substrate should have high sensitivity, long-term stability, excellent repeatability, and strong anti-interference. In the present work, single-layer carbon-based dot (CD)-capped Ag nanoparticle aggregates (a-AgNPs/CDs) with high SERS activity are synthesized and hybridized with a hydrogel to prepare novel hydrogel SERS chips. Benefiting from the unique properties of a-AgNPs/CDs and the hydrogel, the constructed hydrogel SERS chips show excellent performances. Taking crystal violet detection as an example, the hydrogel SERS chips show a detection limit of around 1 × 10-16 mol/L (high sensitivity), maintain above 96.40% of SERS activity even after 14 weeks of storage (long-term stability), and display point-to-point relative standard deviation (RSD) in one chip as low as 1.43% (outstanding repeatability) and RSD in different chips as low as 2.75% (excellent reproducibility). Furthermore, the self-extraction effect of the hydrogel enables the flexible hydrogel SERS chips to be used for analyzing various real samples including soybean milk, juices, and fruits without any complex pretreatment. For instance, the hydrogel SERS chips are able to detect trace thiram and 2-(4-thiazolyl)benzimidazole with the detection limits of 1 and 5 ppb in liquid samples, respectively, and of 1 and 2.5 ng/cm2 on the peel of fruits, respectively. The self-extraction functional flexible SERS chips offer a reliable and convenient platform for the quick detection and on-site monitoring of chemical contaminants.

Hybridizing Silver Nanoparticles in Hydrogel for High-Performance Flexible SERS Chips.

Introduction of multilayered magnetic core-dual shell SERS tags into lateral flow immunoassay: A highly stable and sensitive method for the simultaneous detection of multiple veterinary drugs in complex samples.

Nature-inspired nanozymes as signal markers for in-situ signal amplification strategy: A portable dual-colorimetric immunochromatographic analysis based on smartphone.

Lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) has emerged as an effective technique in the field of food safety and environmental monitoring. However, sensitive and quantitative detection is still challenging for LFIAs in complex environments. In this work, a dual-model colorimetric/SERS lateral flow immunoassay for ultrasensitive determination of clenbuterol was constructed based on a metallic core-shell Au/Au nanostar acting as a multifunction tag. Raman reporter molecules are located between the core (AuNP) and shell (Au nanostar) to form a sandwich structure, which contributes to eliminate the environmental interference and improve the detection stability. In addition, the Au/Au nanostar provides a much higher Raman enhancement due to the presence of sharp tips and larger surface roughness in comparison with gold nanoparticles (AuNPs). Thus, on the basis of the antibody-antigen interaction, the dual-model immunoassay can produce strong colorimetric and surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) signals for highly sensitive detection of the target analyte, clenbuterol. Under optimal conditions, clenbuterol could be detected by the colorimetric model with a visual detection limit of 5 ng/mL. Meanwhile, the SERS signal of the Au/Au nanostar was accumulated on the test line for the SERS model detection with a quantitative detection limit as low as 0.05 ng/mL, which is at least 200-fold lower than that of the traditional AuNPs-based immunoassay. Furthermore, recovery rates of the proposed method in food samples were 86-110%. This dual-model immunoassay provides an effective tool for antibiotic residues analysis and demonstrates a broad potential for future applications in food safety monitoring.

Highly Sensitive Colorimetric/Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Immunoassay Relying on a Metallic Core-Shell Au/Au Nanostar with Clenbuterol as a Target Analyte.

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Highly Sensitive Colorimetric/Surface-Enhanced Raman Spectroscopy Immunoassay Relying on a Metallic Core-Shell Au/Au Nanostar with Clenbuterol as a Target Analyte.