Abstract Background The reactivation of herpesviruses (HHV) in COVID-19 patients is evident in the literature. Several reports have been published regarding the reactivation of these viruses (HSV, VZV, EBV, and CMV) among those who got COVID-19 vaccines. In this study, we aimed to review the current evidence to assess whether HHVs reactivation has any association with the prior administration of COVID-19 vaccines. Methods A systematic search was conducted on 25 September 2022 in PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science, and EMBASE. We included all observational studies, case reports, and case series which reported the reactivation of human herpesviruses following administration of COVID-19 vaccines. Results Our systematic search showed 80 articles that meet the eligibility criteria. Among the evaluated COVID-19 vaccines, most of the vaccines were mRNA based. Evidence from observational studies showed the possible relation between COVID-19 vaccine administration and VZV and HSV reactivation. The results of our proportion meta-analysis showed that the rate of VZV reactivation among those who received the COVID-19 vaccine was 14 persons per 1000 vaccinations (95% CI 2.97–32.80). Moreover, our meta-analysis for HSV reactivation showed the rate of 16 persons per 1000 vaccinations (95% CI 1.06–46.4). Furthermore, the evidence from case reports/series showed 149 cases of HHV reactivation. There were several vaccines that caused reactivation including BNT162b2 mRNA or Pfizer–BioNTech ( n = 76), Oxford-AstraZeneca ( n = 22), mRNA-1273 or Moderna ( n = 17), Sinovac ( n = 4), BBIBP-CorV or Sinopharm ( n = 3), Covaxin ( n = 3), Covishield ( n = 3), and Johnson and Johnson ( n = 1). Reactivated HHVs included varicella-zoster virus (VZV) ( n = 114), cytomegalovirus (CMV) ( n = 15), herpes simplex virus (HSV) ( n = 14), Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) ( n = 6), and HHV-6 ( n = 2). Most cases reported their disease after the first dose of the vaccine. Many patients reported having comorbidities, of which hypertension, diabetes mellitus, dyslipidemia, chicken pox, and atrial fibrillation were common. Conclusion In conclusion, our study showed the possible association between COVID-19 vaccination and herpesvirus reactivation. The evidence for VZV and HSV was supported by observational studies. However, regarding other herpesviruses (EBV and CMV), further research especially from observational studies and clinical trials is required to elucidate the interaction between COVID-19 vaccination and their reactivation. 

Herpesviruses reactivation following COVID-19 vaccination: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Preclinical evaluation of general toxicity and safety pharmacology of a receptor-binding domain-based COVID-19 subunit vaccine in various animal models

Keeping in view recent advancements in designing biomaterials from bioactive polysaccharides, the present work deals with the design of protein (gelatin)-polysaccharide (tragacanth gum) based bioactive copolymeric network by supramolecular interactions and covalent linkage for sustained drug delivery (DD) applications. The network copolymeric structure was characterized by field emission-scanning electron micrographs (FE-SEM), electron dispersion X-ray analysis (EDAX), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), 13C-nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR), and X-ray diffraction (XRD). FESEM and XRD analyses revealed the heterogeneous morphology of copolymers with an amorphous nature. 13C-NMR and FTIR spectra demonstrated the incorporation of poly(acrylamide) (AAm) into network structure by copolymerization reaction. Diffusion of anticancer drug 5-flurouracil (5-FU) occurred in a sustained manner with the Fickian mechanism and was best fitted in first order kinetic model. Polymer-blood interactions revealed the non-hemolytic character of hydrogels. An antioxidant assay evaluated their antioxidant property (26.61 ± 0.85 % of free radical scavenging). Copolymers exhibited mucoadhesiveness during polymer-mucous membrane interactions and required 113.33 ± 5.68 mN detachment forces. Furthermore, the combination of polysaccharide-gelatin has enhanced supramolecular interactions and improved physiological and biomedical properties of network hydrogels. Overall, these properties revealed the suitability of copolymeric hydrogels for drug delivery applications. 

Designing protein-polysaccharides based bioactive copolymeric network by supra-molecular interactions for sustained drug delivery

Abstract Background Ulcerative colitis, a typical subtype of inflammatory bowel disease, can cause many serious complications. Burdock fructooligosaccharide (BFO), a linear inulin with a purity of 99.439% and a molecular weight of 2345 Da, demonstrates anti‐inflammatory and immunomodulatory properties. Methods The Kunming mice were divided into two experimental models: a normal pretreatment model and a colitis experimental model. During the experimental treatment period, we assessed changes in weight and disease activity index (DAI), quantified the intestinal index, and determined myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity and reactive oxide species (ROS) levels in colitis mice. We also photographed colon morphology to investigate alterations in the integrity of the intestinal barrier function. Finally, we performed ELISA and qRT‐PCR to evaluate the anti‐inflammatory effect of BFO treatment on colitis mice. Result The long‐term oral administration of BFO alone exhibited protective effects by preventing disruption of the intestinal functional structure and increasing the colon index in mice. However, in a dextran sodium sulfate (DSS)‐induced colitis mouse model, BFO administration facilitated quick recovery of body weight and effectively reduced the DAI, especially in the BFO‐H group (500 mg/kg/day). BFO treatment maintained the integrity of the intestinal barrier by attenuating the crypt distortion and increasing the goblet cells count It restored the DSS‐induced colon shortening and reduced the symptoms of colitis. These effects may be attributed to the appropriate concentrations of BFO effectively inhibiting MPO activity, clearing excessive ROS, and relieving spleen abnormalitie. BFO also attenuated the overexpression and excessive secretion of inflammatory cytokines (TNF‐α, IL‐1β, IL‐6, and MCP‐1) induced by DSS, reduced intestinal inflammation, and consequently protected the intestinal barrier function. Conclusion BFO effectively alleviated the symptoms of DSS‐induced colitis by mediating anti‐inflammatory effects and protecting the intestinal barrier integrity, thereby potentially facilitating the utilization of safer and more efficacious polysaccharides for managing chronic inflammatory diseases.

Long‐term oral administration of burdock fructooligosaccharide alleviates DSS‐induced colitis in mice by mediating anti‐inflammatory effects and protection of intestinal barrier function

To reduce the incidence of severe illness and fatalities, and promote the awareness of protection and precaution, increased vaccination, strengthen the physical fitness, frequent ventilation, and health education should be enhanced among vulnerable populations as essential measures for the future control of COVID-19.Systematic review.The search was done using PubMed, EMBASE and Web of Science for studies without language restrictions, published up through March 2023, since their authoritative and comprehensive literature search database. Eighty articles were included. Extraction of articles and quality assessment of included reviews was performed independently by two authors using the AMSTAR 2 score.The articles in the final data set included research on epidemiological characteristics, pathogenicity, available vaccines, treatments and epidemiological features in special populations including the elders, pregnant women, kids, people with chronic diseases concerning Omicron.Although less pathogenic potential is found in Omicron, highly mutated forms have enhanced the ability of immune evasion and resistance to existing vaccines compared with former variants. Severe complications and outcomes may occur in vulnerable populations. Infected pregnant women are more likely to give birth prematurely, and fatal implications in children infected with Omicron are hyperimmune response and severe neurological disorders. In immunocompromised patients, there is a greater reported mortality and complication compared to patients with normal immune systems. Therefore, maintain social distancing, wear masks, and receive vaccinations are effective long-term measures. 

Update on Omicron variant and its threat to vulnerable populations

Peach gum polysaccharides promotes epithelial proliferation to attenuate ulcerative colitis by PI3K/AKT pathway

CHMP1A suppresses the growth of renal cell carcinoma cells via regulation of the PI3K/mTOR/p53 signaling pathway

Although the new coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) outbreak occurred in late 2019, it is still endemic worldwide, and has become a global public health problem. Vaccination against SARS-CoV-2 is considered to be the most effective intervention to prevent the spread of COVID-19. ZF2001 is a recombinant protein vaccine based on SARS-CoV-2 receptor-binding domain (RBD) subunit which contains aluminum adjuvant. In order to advance our research on ZF2001 into clinical trial, we investigated the general toxicity and immunogenicity of ZF2001 in cynomolgus monkeys and assessed the possible target organs for vaccine-induced toxicity. In the present research, we observed no significant systemic toxicities and abnormal cardiovascular and respiratory events following four times injections of intramuscular ZF2001 in cynomolgus monkeys. Histological examination revealed recoverable inflammatory changes in quadricep muscle and adjacent lymph node at the vaccine injection site. As expected, the vaccine can produce a strongly specific binding antibody and neutralizing antibodies in cynomolgus monkeys after inoculation. Taken together, our regulatory toxicology research proves the safety and immunogenicity of the ZF2001 vaccine, supporting its entry into large scale clinical trials.

/pdf/preclinical-toxicity-and-immunogenicity-of-a-covid-19-20fduar8.pdf

Preclinical Toxicity and Immunogenicity of a COVID-19 Vaccine (ZF2001) in Cynomolgus Monkeys

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Peach gum polysaccharides promotes epithelial proliferation to attenuate ulcerative colitis by PI3K/AKT pathway

CHMP1A suppresses the growth of renal cell carcinoma cells via regulation of the PI3K/mTOR/p53 signaling pathway

Preclinical Toxicity and Immunogenicity of a COVID-19 Vaccine (ZF2001) in Cynomolgus Monkeys