Urbanization has exposed people to extreme sound levels. Although researchers have investigated the ability of people to listen, analyze, and distinguish sound, the concept of noise has not been clearly articulated from a human perspective. The lack of knowledge on how people perceive noise limits our capacity to control it in a targeted manner. This study aimed to interpret the definition of noise from the public perspective based on a grounded theory approach. Seventy-eight participants were interviewed about noise, and four categories of perceived understanding of noise were identified: challenges, definitions of noise, opportunities, and action. As one of the challenges, urbanization is associated with increased noise levels around the human environment. In terms of definition, perceiving sound as noise is considered to be a result of the complex and dynamic process that includes sound, the environment, and humans. Sound and humans interact with the environment. In terms of opportunities, noise may have positive roles on certain occasions, dispelling the misconception that noise is exclusively negative. In addition, we found that noise perception has gradually shifted from noise control to noise utilization. In terms of action, noise can be controlled at the sound sources, susceptible target groups, susceptible behaviors and states, locations, and times where noise is perceived with high frequency. In this study, we investigated several aspects of noise, ranging from noise control, soundscape definition, and 'soundscape indices' (SSID) integration and application. Our findings provide an additional basis for developing better definitions, control, and utilization strategies of noise in the future, thereby improving the quality of the sound environment. 

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On the definition of noise

Public art (PA) is a powerful tool for enhancing the environment in public spaces since it not only relieves the oppression caused by urban architecture but also enhances and beautifies urban public spaces. As DT (digital technology) develops so quickly nowadays, it offers PA significant technological assistance to achieve new functions, and changes in modern people's aesthetic preferences and psychological makeup also present new demands for PA. This essay explores the use of PA design in the creation of urban landscapes from the viewpoint of DT. In order to do this, this paper suggests a method for measuring the environmental impact of urban landscapes that combines landscape measurement and semantic assessment. Full-connection algorithm and greedy algorithm are introduced to identify urban functional types with high-dimensional characteristics for the boundary tree classification model of high-dimensional feature classification. The findings indicate that the public service area's producer and user accuracy are, respectively, 0.8783 and 0.7833. It offers a fresh concept for the identification of urban functional zones while solving the issues of low identification efficiency and poor accuracy.

/pdf/the-application-of-public-art-design-based-on-digital-18nrya9k.pdf

The Application of Public Art Design Based on Digital Technology in Urban Landscape Environmental Monitoring

Noise-induced annoyance is one person’s individual adverse reaction to noise. Noise annoyance is an important basis for determining the acceptability of environmental noise exposure and for formulating environmental noise standards. It is influenced by both acoustic and non-acoustic factors. To identify non-acoustic factors significantly influencing noise annoyance, 40 noise samples with a loudness level of 60–90 phon from 500–1000 kV substations were selected in this study. A total of 246 subjects were recruited randomly. Using the assessment scale of noise annoyance specified by ISO 15666-2021, listening tests were conducted. Meanwhile, basic information and noise sensitivity of each subject were obtained through a questionnaire and the Weinstein’s noise sensitivity scale. Based on the five non-acoustic indices which were identified in this study and had a significant influence on noise annoyance, a prediction model of annoyance from substation noise was proposed by a stepwise regression. Results showed that the influence weight of acoustic indices in the model accounted for 80% in which the equivalent continuous A-weighted sound pressure level and the sound pressure level above 1/1 octave band of 125 Hz were 65% and 15%, respectively. The influence weight of non-acoustic indices entering the model was 20% in which age, education level, noise sensitivity, income, and noisy degree in the workplace were 8%, 2%, 4%, 4%, and 2%, respectively. The result of this study can provide a basis for factors identification and prediction of noise annoyance.

/pdf/influencing-factors-identification-and-prediction-of-noise-il5rxr0u.pdf

Influencing Factors Identification and Prediction of Noise Annoyance—A Case Study on Substation Noise

The effects of rating scales and individual characteristics on perceived annoyance in laboratory listening tests

The small-scale green spaces next to major roads in old urban districts have long been subjected to traffic noise, posing health risks to the active people within these areas. In accordance with China's “Healthy China” national strategy and the construction of “pocket parks” in cities, it is of significant practical and research value to eliminate noise pollution and propose techniques for optimizing the noise environment of such traffic-type pocket parks. After conducting preliminary investigations and on-site monitoring, it was discovered that the level of noise pollution within the pocket park was relatively high. Given the limited noise reduction capabilities of green belts, it is worth exploring the potential of audio-visual interactions to improve and control noise perception in more detail. This study conducted panoramic image shooting and panorama-element-visibility calculations, generated a self-assessment report on noise perception using a questionnaire, and combined the report with structural equation model calculations. The findings revealed that the visual features of the pocket park environment have an impact on the noise perception of people from different age groups. This paper proposes an optimal range of indicators for the visibility of green space landscape elements related to noise-environment subjective perception improvement and establishes technological methods for noise-pollution control. It also offers insights and examples for promoting the development of healthy green spaces. 

A study of noise exposure of traffic-type pocket parks in old urban districts based on audio-visual interaction

Developing a public response model of soundscape in parks can provide a basis for the optimization of soundscape design. Three representative urban landscape garden parks were selected in Hangzhou, in which a number of evaluation points were chosen along soundwalk paths. Binaural sounds at each evaluation point were sampled by an artificial head and the landscapes of horizontal view and vertical view were obtained by panoramic photos and satellite images, respectively. An evaluation on soundscape of each point was conducted in laboratory based on virtual reality technology, and the correlations between 17 acoustic indicators, 35 landscape indicators and soundscape satisfaction degree were analyzed. The public response model of soundscape satisfaction degree in parks was developed. Final indicators entering the model were the loudness level of sound, the aggregation index of water, the largest patch index of water and the landscape shape index of roads, and their standard regression coefficients were − 0.666, − 0.561, 0.523 and − 0.310, respectively. The weights of the influences of acoustic and landscape indicators on the satisfaction were 32.3% and 67.7%. When the percentage of vegetation area in park exceeds 15%, its contribution to satisfaction degree will be close to a fixed value (reflected in the constant term of the model). The soundscape satisfaction can be effectively improved by reducing the loudness level of sound in parks, increasing the area of the largest water patch with scattered water patches around it, and reducing the shape complexity of road patches.

Develop a public response model of soundscape for urban landscape garden parks

A study on the control indices and emission limits of substation noise

An experiment study on the identification of noise sensitive individuals and the influence of noise sensitivity on perceived annoyance

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Develop a public response model of soundscape for urban landscape garden parks

A study on the control indices and emission limits of substation noise

An experiment study on the identification of noise sensitive individuals and the influence of noise sensitivity on perceived annoyance