Ensuring a sustainable supply for humankind with mineral raw materials and preventing fuel and energy crises, minimizing human-made accidents and the negative impact of industry on the environment, the inflow of funds and innovations into the mining sector should be expanding in time and space. To do this, new mining platforms should have not only innovative and technological, but also social-and-economic coverage of the latest competencies, which Mining 4.0 fully corresponds to. The achievements of the Fourth Industrial Revolution, embodied in “end-to-end” digital and convergent technologies, are able to ensure the stable development of the mineral resource sector in the face of fluctuations in raw material demand and the profitability of mining enterprises, strengthening environmental safety legislation. Mining 4.0 is also a response to the technological shocks associated with the accelerated digital modernization of the manufacturing and infrastructure industries. This article attempts to give a multilateral overview of mining industries transformation in the course of the diffusion of Industry 4.0 technologies, to highlight the core and frontiers of Mining 4.0 expansion, to show the opportunities and threats of replacing physical systems and humans in mining with cyber-physical systems. Further, the technological, economic and social horizons of the transformation of Mining 4.0 into Mining 5.0 with specific threats of total digitalization are discussed.

/pdf/technological-and-intellectual-transition-to-mining-4-0-a-2u60uf0o.pdf

Technological and Intellectual Transition to Mining 4.0: A Review

Soil water systems have been severely degraded in coal-mined and subsiding land, where a shallow groundwater table is also present The present paper discussed the effects of fly ash (FA) and coal gangue (CG) as filling materials on the hydraulic properties and water content distribution in a profile for the purpose of rehabilitating subsided lands The saturated water content, water characteristic curve, and water diffusivity of local soil, FA, CG, and a mixture of FA and CG (“mixed filling”) were characterized A column experiment was conducted to investigate the changes of water content in profiles reconstructed from the combination of soil and filling materials, including soil only, FA, CG, and a mixture of FA and CG, which were used to fill the lower part of the reconstructed profile The mixture of FA and CG was found to possess similar hydraulic properties to those of the soil, particularly high water-holding capacity and permeability Moreover, the volumetric water contents in the whole profile containing the mixture of FA and CG were consistent with those of the profile reconstructed with soil only As a result, it is recommended to adopt the mixture of FA and CG for reconstructing the lower profile of the land to alleviate or rehabilitate subsided land in coal mines

The effects of coal gangue and fly ash on the hydraulic properties and water content distribution in reconstructed soil profiles of coal‐mined land with a high groundwater table

In recent years, China's coal mines have gradually entered into deep mining. Ensuring safe and efficient extraction of deep coal resources has emerged as a key concern in the coal mining industry. The characteristics of the coal-rock interface play a significant role in influencing the damage and failure of the coal-rock combination. In order to deeply study the influence of interface inclination on the damage and failure law of the primary coal-rock combination, this paper successfully established the three-dimensional reconstruction model of the coal-rock combination with 5 different inclination angles (0°, 30°, 45°, 60°, 90°) by combining CT technology and AVZIO software. Then PFC2D software was used to simulate the damage and failure of coal-rock combination under different interface angles. The results show that: the loading damage characteristics of coal-rock combinations with different dip angles are similar, that is, the fracture evolution of coal-rock bodies is mainly concentrated in the coal bodies, and the damage and failure of coal-rock interfaces are the most severe. In the early stage of the loading damage, the fractal dimension of the coal-rock combination increases with the increase of interfacial inclination, but the growth rate of the fractal dimension shows a decreasing tendency with the increase of interfacial inclination. With the increase of the inclination angle of the interface of the assemblage, the growth rate of the acoustic emission signal and the total cumulative acoustic emission of the coal-rock combination show a tendency of increasing firstly, then decreasing and then increasing again. The porosity near the coal-rock interface is relatively large when the coal-rock combination is damaged by a load. 

Influence of coal-rock interface inclination on the damage and failure law of original coal-rock combination

ABSTRACTGranite is a common engineering material that exhibits complex mechanical properties under external loads. This study conducted experimental research and analysis in conjunction with the active monitoring technology of piezoelectric ceramics. A quantitative analysis method for the mechanical properties of rock materials based on piezoelectric health monitoring was established, and for the first time, the piezoelectric monitoring results of rock were mapped and compared with the uniaxial compression performance indicators of rock. In this study, two sets of cyclic impact experiments were conducted on granite samples using a drop hammer. The piezoelectric signals of the granite samples were detected using piezoelectric ceramic active sensing technology. A piezoelectric ceramic damage monitoring method was proposed, and the damage factor of the granite samples was calculated using the wavelet packet energy method. Subsequently, uniaxial compression experiments were performed on the damaged granite samples to obtain mechanical performance data. Finally, a mathematical relationship model was established between the piezoelectric signal and the uniaxial compressive strength of the rocks. It was found that the damage factor of the piezoelectric monitoring signal of the damaged rock were linearly related to the uniaxial compressive strength of the damaged rock.KEYWORDS: damage detectioncyclic impact loadpiezoelectric ceramicsdamage indicatorsdamage mathematic model AcknowledgmentsThis work is supported by the Foundation of Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering (No. BL2021-15), and supported by State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting and Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering, Jianghan University (No. PBSKL-2022-C-09).Disclosure statementNo potential conflict of interest was reported by the author(s).Additional informationFundingThe work was supported by the Foundation of Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering [BL2021-15]; State Key Laboratory of Precision Blasting and Hubei Key Laboratory of Blasting Engineering, [PBSKL-2022-C-09]. 

Performance evaluation of granite rock based on the quantitative piezoceramic sensing technique

We propose a novel inverse analysis method that utilizes shockwaves to detect the operational condition of tested rock. To achieve this back analysis, an in-depth investigation of the dynamic properties of granite specimens was conducted. The dynamic properties of the granite specimens were investigated using a triaxial cyclic loading machine, under different confining pressures, loading frequencies, stress amplitudes, and numbers of cycles, and a dynamic response model was constructed from the test data. The results show that the dynamic elastic modulus increased with the increase in confining pressure, while its damping ratio decreased. The dynamic elastic modulus and damping ratio increased with the increase in loading frequency. As the dynamic stress amplitude increased, the dynamic elastic modulus of the granite increased, but the dynamic damping ratio decreased. As the number of cycles increased, the dynamic elastic modulus and dynamic damping ratio of the granite decreased and gradually stabilized. The modified Duncan–Chang model was used to construct the dynamic response model of the specimens. It is worth saying that the correlation coefficient of the model is low at a loading frequency of 20 Hz. This indicates that the frequency has a greater effect on the dynamic response of the specimen compared with the confining pressure. The conclusions obtained from these tests can be used to study more comprehensively the interaction and causal relationship between different factors, and to prepare for the next steps of tunnel rock stress-state prediction.

A Thorough Investigation of the Dynamic Properties of Granite under Cyclic Loading

Gas explosions or coal and gas outbursts can cause transient destruction of combined coal-rock, and the dynamic mechanical response of combined coal-rock masses plays a key role in accident failure, but we now know little about the dynamic mechanical responses of combined coal-rock. In this article, we selected three rocks (limestone, shale, sandstone) and two coals (bituminous coal and anthracite coal) to form combined coal-rock, and analyze their dynamic mechanical properties by using the SHPB system. We find that the dynamic compressive strength and elastic modulus of combined rock-coal are lower than the average value of single rock and coal, while the ultimate strain and strain rate of combined coal-rock are higher than the average values of single rock and coal. Compressive strength and elastic modulus of the combined body increase gradually with increasing confining pressure, and the strain decreases accordingly. The dynamic stress-strain curve demonstrates an obvious double-peak at high strain rate (85.55 s-1 and above in the present work), while there is no obvious double-peak of the curve at low strain rate. Dynamic compressive strength of combined coal-rock body increases significantly with increasing confining pressure at low strain rate, but it increases more smoothly at higher strain rate. The elastic modulus also increases with increasing confining pressure, and it seems to be stable as confining pressure increases at low strain rate. The ultimate strain decreases gradually with increasing confining pressure but more gently compared with that at low strain rate. Besides, longitudinal fractures of combined coal-rock bodies include penetrating fractures, partially penetrating fractures, and interrupted fractures stopped at the coal-rock interface. The dynamic mechanical response of combined coal-rock is of guiding significance for maintaining the stability of the roadway and formulating the support measures for the roadway. 

/pdf/dynamic-response-and-failure-characteristics-of-combined-21hfy8x8.pdf

Dynamic response and failure characteristics of combined rocks under confining pressure

Crossing borehole is an effective means to eliminate the outburst risk of coal and gas. The influence of borehole inclination angle, borehole diameter, and drainage time on the effective radius of gas drainage are studied by numerical simulation and engineering example verification. The study shows that the effective radius changes in a “U” shape with the increase in borehole inclination angle. When the angle α of the borehole and coal seam plane decreases, the effective radius increases. Furthermore, the coal mass around the borehole is broken by shear deformation, which is consistent with the results of the inner peephole. The effective radiuses are different in coal seam dip X and strike Y. When α is small, the effective radius in the X direction is generally wider. When α is large (α ≤ 90°), the effective radiuses in the X and Y directions are close. The effective radius is positively correlated with the borehole diameter and is more significantly influenced by increasing borehole diameter when α is small. The effective radius increases as a negative exponential function with time and eventually converges to a constant. The study has practical implications for the design of crossing borehole in the coal seam floor.

/pdf/numerical-investigation-on-potential-influencing-factors-1mtw4km3.pdf

Numerical Investigation on Potential Influencing Factors Affecting Drainage Effective Radius of Crossing Borehole

Mine Design, Planning and Sustainable Exploitation in the Digital Age

The coal-rock projectiles induced by gas explosions in coal mines have a strong destructive effect on mine facilities and equipment, which are mostly made of steel. The LS-DYNA is used to simulate the process of coal projectile striking the steel plate. The results show that during the failure process, the morphological change of the projectile consists of three stages including plastic deformation, partial crushing, and complete crushing, and the steel plate pits at the impact point. The duration of the stress peak value of the steel plate increases as the impact velocity increases. The farther away from the center point, the smaller the stress peak value is, and the shorter the duration is. When the impact velocity is 100 m/s and 300 m/s, the axial velocity curve at the impact point of the projectile is pulsating. When the impact velocity reaches 500 m/s, the axial velocity of the projectile rapidly increases and then tends to be stable. As the impact velocity increases, the energy absorbed by the steel plate increases, and the rate of increase also increases. However, the proportion between the absorbed energy of the steel plate and the initial kinetic energy of the projectile decreases. The projectile conversion energy of the 1 mm steel plate is slightly larger than that of 1.5 mm and 2 mm steel plates, and the energy absorbed by the steel plate decreases with the increase in thickness of the steel plate. When the thickness of the steel plate is more than 2 mm, the thickness of the steel plate has little effect. The results of the study have a direct sense for the antiknock design of coal mine facilities and equipment.

Dynamic Response of the Steel Plate Under the Impact of High-Speed Coal Projectile

Lignitic mine soils represent a dual-porosity medium consisting of a technogenic mixture of overburden sediments that include porous fragments embedded within a mostly coarse-textured matrix. Flow and transport process in such soils are not sufficiently understood. The objective of this study was to identify the most appropriate conceptual model for describing small-scale heterogeneity effects on flow based on the physical structure of the system. HYDRUS-1D was used to simulate water flow under field conditions. We compared a dual-porosity (mobile–immobile) model simulation of the field soil water with field monitoring results. The predicted and observed water content were in good agreement. Since the heterogeneity of the lignitic mine soil may lead to preferential flow, Coomassie brilliant blue dyes were applied to the reclaimed surface, revealing preferred flow paths through macro-pores surrounding the numerous, large rock fragments.

/pdf/modeling-of-water-flow-in-reclaimed-mine-spoil-with-embedded-33gmn9ajt2.pdf

Modeling of Water Flow in Reclaimed Mine Spoil with Embedded Lignitic Fragments Using Hydrus-1D

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