Byproducts of normal mitochondrial metabolism and homeostasis include the buildup of potentially damaging levels of reactive oxygen species (ROS), Ca2+, etc., which must be normalized. Evidence suggests that brief mitochondrial permeability transition pore (mPTP) openings play an important physiological role maintaining healthy mitochondria homeostasis. Adaptive and maladaptive responses to redox stress may involve mitochondrial channels such as mPTP and inner membrane anion channel (IMAC). Their activation causes intra- and intermitochondrial redox-environment changes leading to ROS release. This regenerative cycle of mitochondrial ROS formation and release was named ROS-induced ROS release (RIRR). Brief, reversible mPTP opening-associated ROS release apparently constitutes an adaptive housekeeping function by the timely release from mitochondria of accumulated potentially toxic levels of ROS (and Ca2+). At higher ROS levels, longer mPTP openings may release a ROS burst leading to destruction of mitochondria, and if propagated from mitochondrion to mitochondrion, of the cell itself. The destructive function of RIRR may serve a physiological role by removal of unwanted cells or damaged mitochondria, or cause the pathological elimination of vital and essential mitochondria and cells. The adaptive release of sufficient ROS into the vicinity of mitochondria may also activate local pools of redox-sensitive enzymes involved in protective signaling pathways that limit ischemic damage to mitochondria and cells in that area. Maladaptive mPTP- or IMAC-related RIRR may also be playing a role in aging. Because the mechanism of mitochondrial RIRR highlights the central role of mitochondria-formed ROS, we discuss all of the known ROS-producing sites (shown in vitro) and their relevance to the mitochondrial ROS production in vivo.

Mitochondrial Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) and ROS-Induced ROS Release

We present here a draft genome sequence of the red jungle fowl, Gallus gallus. Because the chicken is a modern descendant of the dinosaurs and the first non-mammalian amniote to have its genome sequenced, the draft sequence of its genome--composed of approximately one billion base pairs of sequence and an estimated 20,000-23,000 genes--provides a new perspective on vertebrate genome evolution, while also improving the annotation of mammalian genomes. For example, the evolutionary distance between chicken and human provides high specificity in detecting functional elements, both non-coding and coding. Notably, many conserved non-coding sequences are far from genes and cannot be assigned to defined functional classes. In coding regions the evolutionary dynamics of protein domains and orthologous groups illustrate processes that distinguish the lineages leading to birds and mammals. The distinctive properties of avian microchromosomes, together with the inferred patterns of conserved synteny, provide additional insights into vertebrate chromosome architecture.

/pdf/sequence-and-comparative-analysis-of-the-chicken-genome-2i191jp6ie.pdf

Sequence and comparative analysis of the chicken genome provide unique perspectives on vertebrate evolution

Chlorophyll a fluorescence is a highly sensitive, non-destructive, and reliable tool for measuring, rather quickly, photosynthetic efficiency, particularly of Photosystem II (PSII), the water-plastoquinone oxidoreductase. We briefly review here the connection between the fast (up to 2 s) chlorophyll fluorescence rise and PSII, as well as the empirical use of the fluorescence rise kinetics in understanding photosynthetic reactions, particularly of PSII. When dark-adapted photosynthetic samples are exposed to light, a fluorescence induction is observed, known as the Kautsky effect, after Hans Kautsky, the discoverer of the phenomenon showing the existence of variable fluorescence. The chlorophyll fluorescence intensity rises from a minimum level (the O level), in less than 1 s, to a maximum level (the P-level) via two intermediate steps labeled J and I. This is followed by a decline to a lower semi-steady state level, the S level, which is reached in about one minute. We provide here an educational review on how this phenomenon has been exploited through analysis of the fast OJIP fluorescence transient, by discussing basic assumptions, derivation of equations, as well as application to PSII-related questions.

On the relation between the Kautsky effect (chlorophyll a fluorescence induction) and Photosystem II: basics and applications of the OJIP fluorescence transient.

ATP synthase can be thought of as a complex of two motors--the ATP-driven F1 motor and the proton-driven Fo motor--that rotate in opposite directions. The mechanisms by which rotation and catalysis are coupled in the working enzyme are now being unravelled on a molecular scale.

/pdf/atp-synthase-a-marvellous-rotary-engine-of-the-cell-3sufpmqdok.pdf

ATP synthase--a marvellous rotary engine of the cell.

http://www.embl-hamburg.de/biosaxs/reprints/globref2005.pdf

Global rigid body modeling of macromolecular complexes against small-angle scattering data

The central stalk in ATP synthase, made of γ, δ and ɛ subunits in the mitochondrial enzyme, is the key rotary element in the enzyme's catalytic mechanism. The γ subunit penetrates the catalytic (αβ)3 domain and protrudes beneath it, interacting with a ring of c subunits in the membrane that drives rotation of the stalk during ATP synthesis. In other crystals of F1-ATPase, the protrusion was disordered, but with crystals of F1-ATPase inhibited with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide, the complete structure was revealed. The δ and ɛ subunits interact with a Rossmann fold in the γ subunit, forming a foot. In ATP synthase, this foot interacts with the c-ring and couples the transmembrane proton motive force to catalysis in the (αβ)3 domain.

The Structure of the Central Stalk in Bovine F(1)-ATPase at 2.4 A Resolution.

A cosmetic composition is provided comprising a Gingko biloba extract, an alkyl β,β-diphenylacrylate and/or α-cyano β,β-diphenylacrylate derivative, and a dibenzoyl methane derivative. A cosmetic use of that composition is also provided for preventing sun damage and photo ageing.

Cosmetic composition comprising gingko biloba and sunscreen agents

Cosmetic compositions are provided comprising a hydrophilic extract of Seabuckthorn and a hydrophilic vitamin component. The cosmetic use of that composition is also provided.

Cosmetic composition comprising seabuckthorn

A cosmetic composition is provided in the form of an oil-in-water emulsion comprising a continuous aqueous phase comprising a cross-linked co-polymer and a hydrophilic botanical extract. A process suitable for preparing that composition and the use of that composition are also provided.

Cosmetic composition comprising botanical extracts and a thickener

La presente invention concerne des compositions cosmetiques renfermant un extrait hydrophile d'argousier ainsi qu'un composant de vitamine hydrophile. L'invention a egalement trait a l'utilisation cosmetique de cette composition.

Composition cosmetique contenant de l'argousier

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