An MRI time course of 512 echo-planar images (EPI) in resting human brain obtained every 250 ms reveals fluctuations in signal intensity in each pixel that have a physiologic origin. Regions of the sensorimotor cortex that were activated secondary to hand movement were identified using functional MRI methodology (FMRI). Time courses of low frequency (< 0.1 Hz) fluctuations in resting brain were observed to have a high degree of temporal correlation (P < 10(-3)) within these regions and also with time courses in several other regions that can be associated with motor function. It is concluded that correlation of low frequency fluctuations, which may arise from fluctuations in blood oxygenation or flow, is a manifestation of functional connectivity of the brain.

Functional connectivity in the motor cortex of resting human brain using echo-planar MRI.

Preface Chapter 1 The challenge Chapter 2 The nature of the evidence: A synthesis of meta-analyses Chapter 3 The argument: Visible teaching and visible learning Chapter 4: The contributions from the student Chapter 5 The contributions from the home Chapter 6 The contributions from the school Chapter 7 The contributions from the teacher Chapter 8 The contributions from the curricula Chapter 9 The contributions from teaching approaches - I Chapter 10 The contributions from teaching approaches - II Chapter 11: Bringing it all together Appendix A: The 800 meta-analyses Appendix B: The meta-analyses by rank order References

Visible Learning: A Synthesis of Over 800 Meta-Analyses Relating to Achievement

The Social Psychology of Organizations.

The measurement of meaning

In this article we examine the meaning of team process. We first define team process in the context of a multiphase episodic framework related to goal accomplishment, arguing that teams are multitasking units that perform multiple processes simultaneously and sequentially to orchestrate goal-directed taskwork. We then advance a taxonomy of team process dimensions synthesized from previous research and theorizing. a taxonomy that reflects our time-based conceptual framework. We conclude with implications for future research and application.

https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdfplus/259182.pdf

A Temporally Based Framework and Taxonomy of Team Processes

Recent empirical studies of decision making in teams demonstrate that team structure and workload significantly influence team performance. In many operational environments, however, it is impossible to change these factors, even as a mechanism for enhancing team performance. Therefore, it is necessary to create training interventions that will optimize performance within existing team structures and workload levels. Several studies suggest that team processes are the most likely target for this type of intervention. The current investigation sought to develop a laboratory analogue of a common team structure (i.e., the “product team”) and to assess the effects of high and low workload on team performance processes within this structure. The results suggest that different communication behaviors facilitate effective performance under low and high workload.

Effects of Workload on Communication Processes in Decision Making Teams: An Empirical Study with Implications for Training:

Special issue on Simulation and Training in Aviation

: Given the high-risk nature of military flight operations and the significant resources required to train US Naval Aviators and Flight Officers, personnel selection must continually be improved In addition to general commissioning requirements and aeromedical standards, the US Navy utilizes the Aviation Selection Test Battery (ASTB) to select commissioned aviation students Although the ASTB has historically proven to be a good predictor of aviation student performance in training, it is proposed here that incremental improvement may be gained with the introduction of novel, computer administered performance-based measures: the Block Rotation Task (BRT) and a Navy-developed 2-D compensatory tracking task This work constituted an initial validation of the two tasks The BRT is an interactive virtual analog of Shepard-Metzler's (1971) mental rotation task The 2-D tracking task is typical of what is found in the literature, but was developed by the US Navy The BRT was investigated for its suitability as a measure for quantifying both mental rotation and psychomotor ability Data from the BRT were examined to determine task reliability and to formulate a quantitative/predictive performance model of combined human mental rotation and psychomotor ability Data gathered from the compensatory tracking task were investigated to determine if they concord with results in extant literature, indicating the validity of the task Results showed that both the BRT and the 2-D tracking tasks are measures of spatial ability A descriptive performance model of the BRT is also presented

/pdf/initial-validation-of-novel-performance-based-measures-n8hchywfe9.pdf

Initial Validation of Novel Performance-Based Measures: Mental Rotation and Psychomotor Ability

Personalization, in the realm of Serious Games, is the extent to which users believe that the digital environment is tailored to their characteristics and preferences. This belief can have major repercussions for a user's experience with the game and can subsequently be used to maximize the return on investment for serious game designers. Other factors that influence users' personalization in games include how the game affects the users' perception of self, presence in the game, and social relationships developed in the game. Users' avatars influence all of these factors. This goal of this paper is to examine the research done into avatars and personalization and presents it in the context of serious games research.

/pdf/reflected-in-a-liquid-crystal-display-personalization-and-146jr5clam.pdf

Reflected in a liquid crystal display: personalization and the use of avatars in serious games

This study examined the effects of using serious games for training on task performance and declarative knowledge outcomes. The purpose was to determine if serious games are more effective training tools than traditional methods. Self-efficacy, expectations for training, and engagement were considered as moderators of the relationship between type of training and task performance as well as type of training and declarative knowledge. Results of the study offered support for the potential of serious games to be more effective than traditional methods of training when it comes to task performance.

/pdf/video-game-self-efficacy-and-its-effect-on-training-3l8m4wcrs6.pdf

Video game self-efficacy and its effect on training performance

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