Domain-Specific Languages (DSLs) are now developed for a wide variety of domains to address specific concerns in the development of complex systems. When engineering new DSLs, it is likely that previous efforts spent on the development of other languages could be leveraged, especially when their domains overlap. However, legacy DSLs may not fit exactly the end user requirements and thus require further extension, restriction, or specialization. While current language workbenches provide import mechanisms, they usually lack an explicit support for such customizations of imported artifacts. In this paper, we propose an approach for building DSLs by safely assembling and customizing legacy DSLs artifacts. This approach is based on typing relations that provide a reasoning layer for manipulating DSLs while ensuring type safety. On top of this reasoning layer, we provide an algebra of operators for extending, restricting, and assembling separate DSL artifacts. We implemented the typing relations and algebra into the Melange meta-language. We illustrate Melange through the modular definition of an executable modeling language for the Internet Of Things domain. We show how it eases the definition of new DSLs by maximizing the reuse of legacy artifacts without introducing issues in terms of performance, technical ecosystem compatibility, or generated code volume.

/pdf/melange-a-meta-language-for-modular-and-reusable-development-3mspp8orjk.pdf

Melange: a meta-language for modular and reusable development of DSLs

Systematic mapping study of template-based code generation

In Model Driven Engineering (MDE), models are first-class citizens, and model transformation is MDE's "heart and soul". Since model transformations are executed for a family of (conforming) models, their validity becomes a crucial issue. This paper proposes to explore the question of the formal verification of model transformation properties through a tridimensional approach: the transformation involved, the properties of interest addressed, and the formal verification techniques used to establish the properties. This work is intended for a double audience. For newcomers, it provides a tutorial introduction to the field of formal verification of model transformations. For readers more familiar with formal methods and model transformations, it proposes a literature review (although not systematic) of the contributions of the field. Overall, this work allows to better understand the evolution, trends and current practice in the domain of model transformation verification. This work opens an interesting research line for building an engineering of model transformation verification guided by the notion of model transformation intent.

/pdf/formal-verification-techniques-for-model-transformations-a-4vlm5tbf4r.pdf

Formal Verification Techniques for Model Transformations: A Tridimensional Classification

Model-Driven Engineering (MDE) is founded on the ability to create and process models conforming to a meta-model. In this context, classes in a meta-model are used in two ways: as templates to create objects and as (static) classifiers for them. These two aspects are inherently tied in most meta-modelling approaches, which results in unnecessarily rigid systems and hinders reusability of MDE artefacts.In this work, we discuss the benefits of decoupling object creation from typing in MDE. Thus, we rely on standard mechanisms for object creation, and propose a posteriori typing as a means to retype objects and enable multiple, partial, dynamic typings. This approach enhances flexibility; permits unanticipated reuse, as model management operations defined for a meta-model can be reused with other models once they get reclassified; and enables bidirectional model transformation by reclassification. In particular, we propose two mechanisms to realise model retyping and show their underlying theory and analysis methods. We show the feasibility of the approach by an implementation atop our meta-modelling tool MetaDepth and present several applications of retypings (transformations, reuse, and dynamicity).

/pdf/a-posteriori-typing-for-model-driven-engineering-concepts-vo2x5l7kdd.pdf

A Posteriori Typing for Model-Driven Engineering: Concepts, Analysis, and Applications

The correct representation of the relevant properties of a system is an essential requirement for the effective use and wide adoption of model-based practices in industry. Uncertainty is one of the inherent properties of any measurement or estimation that is obtained in any physical setting; as such, it must be considered when modeling software systems deal with real data. Although a few modeling languages enable the representation of measurement uncertainty, these aspects are not normally incorporated into their type systems. Therefore, operating with uncertain values and propagating their uncertainty become cumbersome processes, which hinder their realization in real environments. This paper proposes an extension of OCL/UML primitive datatypes that enables the representation of the uncertainty that comes from physical measurements or user estimates into the models, together with an algebra of operations that are defined for the values of these types.

/pdf/incorporating-measurement-uncertainty-into-ocl-uml-primitive-2qyuzvrloj.pdf

Incorporating measurement uncertainty into OCL/UML primitive datatypes

Various approaches have recently been proposed to ease the manipulation of models for specific purposes (e.g., automatic model adaptation or reuse of model transformations). Such approaches raise the need for a unified theory that would ease their combination, but would also outline the scope of what can be expected in terms of engineering to put model manipulation into action. In this work, we address this problem from the model substitutability point of view, through model typing. We introduce four mechanisms to achieve model substitutability, each formally defined by a subtyping relation. We then discuss how to declare and check these subtyping relations. This work provides a formal reference specification establishing a family of model-oriented type systems. These type systems enable many facilities that are well known at the programming language level. Such facilities range from abstraction, reuse and safety to impact analyses and auto-completion.

https://hal.inria.fr/hal-00695034/document

On model subtyping

Modeling and transforming have always been the cornerstones of software system development, albeit often investigated by different research communities. Modeling addresses how information is represented and processed, while transformation cares about what the results of processing this information are. To address the growing complexity of software systems, model-driven engineering (MDE) leverages domain-specific languages to define abstract models of systems and automated methods to process them. Meanwhile, compiler technology mostly concentrates on advanced techniques and tools for program transformation. For this, it has developed complex analyses and transformations (from lexical and syntactic to semantic analyses, down to platform-specific optimizations). These two communities appear today quite complementary and are starting to meet again in the software language engineering (SLE) field. SLE addresses all the stages of a software language lifecycle, from its definition to its tooling. In this article, we show how SLE can lean on the expertise of both MDE and compiler research communities and how each community can bring its solutions to the other one. We then draw a picture of the current state of SLE and of the challenges it has still to face.

/pdf/bridging-the-chasm-between-mde-and-the-world-of-compilation-35x57wg5p9.pdf

Bridging the chasm between MDE and the world of compilation

A primary goal of Model Driven Engineering (MDE) is to reduce the cost and effort of developing complex software systems using techniques for transforming abstract views of software to concrete implementations The rich set of tools that have been developed, especially the growing maturity of model transformation technologies, opens the possibility of applying MDE technologies to transformation-based problems in other domainsIn this paper, we present our experience with usingMDE technologies to build and evolve compiler infrastructures in the optimizing compiler domain We illustrate, through our two ongoing research compiler projects for C and a functional language, the challenging aspects of optimizing compiler research and show how mature MDE technologies can be used to address themWe also identify some of the pitfalls that arise from unrealistic expectations of what can be accomplished using MDE and discuss how they can lead to unsuccessful and frustrating application of MDE technologies

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00613575/document

Model-driven engineering and optimizing compilers: a bridge too far?

This paper investigates how state diagrams can be best represented in the polychronous model of computation (MoC) and proposes to use this model for code validation of behavior specifications in Architecture Analysis & Design Language (AADL). In this relational MoC, the basic objects are signals, which are related through dataflow equations. Signals are associated with logical clocks, which provide the capability to describe systems in which components obey multiple clock rates. We propose a model of finite-state automata, called polychronous automata, which is based on clock relationships. A specificity of this model is that an automaton is submitted to clock constraints, which allows one to specify a wide range of control-related configurations, being either reactive or restrictive with respect to their control environment. A semantic model is defined for these polychronous automata, which relies on boolean algebra of clocks. Based on a previously defined modeling method for AADL software architectures using the polychronous MoC, the proposed model is used as a formal model for the AADL behavior annex. This is illustrated with a case study involving an adaptive cruise control system.

/pdf/polychronous-automata-and-their-use-for-formal-validation-of-208v7po44j.pdf

Polychronous automata and their use for formal validation of AADL models

L'ingenierie dirigee par les modeles (IDM) s'interesse a la definition de systemes complexes par leur representation et leur abstraction a l'aide de langages de modelisation dedies a un domaine. Le domaine de la compilation s'interesse quant a lui a des analyses et a des traitements complexes sur des structures de donnees (depuis les analyses lexicale et syntaxique jusqu'a l'optimisation par rapport a la cible d'execution). Motivees par des objectifs initiaux differents, ces deux communautes ont longtemps mene des travaux qui apparaissent aujourd'hui comme complementaires et qui convergent vers le domaine de l'" ingenierie des langages ". Ce domaine aborde toutes les phases du cycle de vie d'un langage, depuis sa definition jusqu'a son usage. Pour cela elle regroupe des besoins en terme de developpement et d'outillage des langages. Dans cet article nous analysons les apports de l'IDM et de la compilation a l'ingenierie des langages. Nous dressons ensuite un panorama des verrous a lever pour permettre une fertilisation croisee de ces deux communautes.

https://hal.inria.fr/inria-00601670/document

Vers un rapprochement de l'IDM et de la compilation

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