Post-collisional strongly peraluminous granites

An evaluation of the Rb vs. (Y + Nb) discrimination diagram to infer tectonic setting of silicic igneous rocks

This paper reviews the distinctive economic and social development of Neolithic Italy and its islands, from ca. 6000 B.C. until the emergence of the Copper Age ca. 3500 B.C. Through a synthesis of traditional interpretations and more recent discussions relating to early farming economies, social and technological developments, settlement, and landscape, the complex regional patterns are described. The development of archaeological studies in Italy, the biases in regional and chronological data collection, the regional patterns of cultures and landscapes, and the emergence of distinctive funerary, artistic and economic activities reveal a wealth of varied and intriguing archaeological information from a wide variety of sources that link parallel developments in the Mediterranean and Europe.

The Italian Neolithic: A Synthesis of Research

The paper discusses the fractional operators $$\begin{aligned} \nabla ^\alpha , \quad {\mathrm{div}}^\alpha , \quad (-\,\Delta )^{\alpha /2}, \end{aligned}$$where $$\alpha $$ is a real number, the order of the operator. A frequently encountered definition of the fractional gradient uses an orthogonal basis $$e_1,\dots ,e_n$$ in the physical space V and one-dimensional “partial” fractional derivatives $$D^\alpha _{\xi _i}\,f$$ of a function f to lay down the formula $$\begin{aligned} \nabla ^\alpha f(x) = D^\alpha _{\xi _1}\,f(x)e_1 + \dots + D^\alpha _{\xi _n}\,f(x)e_n. \end{aligned}$$It will be shown that this definition is wrong: unlike the classical case$$\alpha =1,$$it depends on the chosen basis, i.e.,$$\nabla ^\alpha f$$does not transform as a vector under rotations. The same objection applies to similarly constructed fractional divergence and laplacean. The paper presents a novel approach to the operators of fractional vector analysis based on elementary requirements, viz.,
 Using methods of the theory of homogeneous distributions the paper For $$(-\,\Delta )^{\alpha /2}$$ we recover the standard formulas for the fractional laplacean. For the fractional gradient, the requirements lead to $$\begin{aligned} \nabla ^\alpha \,f(x) = \left\{ {\begin{array}{ll} \mu _\alpha \lim \limits _{\epsilon \downarrow 0} \int _{|h|\ge \epsilon } \frac{hf(x+h)}{|h|^{n+\alpha +1}} \mathrm{d}h &{}\quad \hbox {if} \quad 0\le \alpha<1,\\ \nabla f(x) &{}\quad \hbox {if} \quad \alpha =1,\\ \mu _\alpha \int _{\mathbf{R}^n} \frac{h\big ( f(x+h)-f(x)-\nabla f(x)\cdot h \big )}{|h|^{n+\alpha +1}} \mathrm{d}h &{}\quad \hbox {if} \quad 1<\alpha \le 2, \end{array}}\right. \end{aligned}$$$$x\in \mathbf{R}^n,$$ where $$\mu _\alpha $$ is a normalization factor to be determined below from extra additional requirements. (The general case $$-\,\infty<\alpha <\infty $$ is treated in Sect. 4.) The paper then proceeds to prove some basic properties of the fractional operators, such as, e.g., the identity $$\begin{aligned} {\mathrm{div}}^\alpha (\nabla ^\beta f) = -\, (-\,\Delta )^{(\alpha +\beta )/2}f , \end{aligned}$$which generalizes the classical case $$ {\mathrm{div}}(\nabla f) = \Delta f$$.

Fractional vector analysis based on invariance requirements (critique of coordinate approaches)

Origin of cordierite-bearing granites by assimilation in the Central Iberian Massif (CIM), Spain

— Prehistoric polished stone tools are now fairly well-known from a petrographic point of view in Northern Italy. Many more than one thousand implements sampled from the most important sites and collections (axes, adzes, chisels, some ornaments and various tools fragments), have been analysed. These artefacts were commonly employed from the Neolithic period onwards for working wood and cutting the forest trees. Surface optical observations, density, thin sections, XRD, microprobe analyses and bulk chemistry have been employed, alone or in combination, for petrographic study oriented to archaeometric interpretation. Alpine eclogites, jades (Na-pyroxenites) and other minor HP (High Pressure) metaophiolites dominate the polished stone lithology of Northern Italy, being at least 70% and often surpassing 90% of stone materials in single sites. Petrographic, geochemical, minerochemical, textural data of the studied rocks are described and discussed in some detail. A number of new definitions are introduced. The provenance of the raw material is identified as being NW Italy, essentially Piedmont and Liguria. These regions represent one of the few geological zones in the world where alpine eclogites and jades occur, both as primary outcrops in the High Alps, alluvial and morainic deposits along the valleys, and Oligocene conglomerates in the Northwestern Apennines. The dominance of eclogites and jades among the prehistoric polished stone tools represents a lithic selection of cultural significance. This selection seems to be justified by litho-technological (best mix of hardness, toughness and density) and aesthetic (fine green colours, translucency) reasons, which caused the exclusion of other, elsewhere common, lithologies. The remarkable presence of jade and alpine eclogite lithologies among the Western and rarely Central European axe blades (mostly status symbol or ceremonial axes) gives evidence of a relevant long distance exportation of HP metaophiolite materials from NW Italy to France, Germany, Benelux, Great Britain, etc., up to1000-1500 km far from the source areas. The still unsystematic petrographic knowledge of the HP-metaophiolitic stones of the axe blades in Europe, as well as in the Italian Peninsula, allows only a preliminary comparison with the better known Northern Italian implements. RIASSUNTO. — La pietra preistorica dell’Italia settentrionale e ora abbastanza ben conosciuta da un punto di vista petrografico. Ben oltre mille strumenti sono stati campionati e analizzati da raccolte di molti siti importanti (lame di asce e accette, scalpelli, ornamenti e vari frammenti). I piu comuni manufatti sono asce/accette che furono comunemente utilizzate dal Neolitico per lavorare il legno e tagliare gli alberi. Osservazioni ottiche delle superfici, densita, sezioni sottili, XRD, analisi di Per. Mineral. (2003), 73, 17-42 http://go.to/permin SPECIAL ISSUE 3: A showcase of the Italian research in applied petrology Eclogites, jades and other HP-metaophiolites employed for prehistoric polished stone implements in Italy and Europe CLAUDIO D’AMICO1*, ELISABETTA STARNINI2, GIORGIO GASPAROTTO1 and MASSIMO GHEDINI3 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Terra, Universita di Bologna, P.za Porta S. Donato, 1, 40126 Bologna, Italy 2 Dipartimento di Archeologia e Filologia Classica, Universita di Genova, C.so Europa, 26, 16132 Genova, Italy 3 GeaDue, v.le Oriani 9, 40137 Bologna, Italy * Corresponding author, E-mail: damico@geomn.unibo.it An International Journal of MINERALOGY, CRYSTALLOGRAPHY, GEOCHEMISTRY, ORE DEPOSITS, PETROLOGY, VOLCANOLOGY and applied topics on Environment, Archaeometry and Cultural Heritage microsonda e chimica totale sono state usate, da sole o in combinazione, per studi petrografici orientati all’interpretazione archeometrica. Eclogiti alpine, giade (Na-pirosseniti), e minori HP-metaofioliti dominano la litologia della pietra levigata dell’Italia del Nord, essendo almeno il 70% e spesso superando il 90% dei materiali in pietra nei singoli siti. Dati petrografici, geochimici, minerochimici e tessiturali sono presentati e discussi con qualche dettaglio. Qualche nuova definizione e stata introdotta. La provenienza della materia prima e identificata con il NW Italiano, essenzialmente Liguria e Piemonte. Queste regioni rappresentano una delle poche aree geologiche al mondo dove affiorano eclogiti alpine e giade, sia come masse geologiche primarie nella Alte Alpi, sia come depositi morenici ed alluvionali lungo le valli, sia come conglomerati oligocenici nell’Appennino di NW. La dominanza di eclogiti e giade nella pietra levigata preistorica rappresenta una selezione litica di significato culturale. Tale selezione sembra giustificata da ragioni litotecnologiche (la migliore associazione di durezza, tenacita e peso specifico) ed estetiche (bel colore verde, tranlucidita), che provocarono l’esclusione d’uso di altre litologie, che pure sono comuni in altre aree. La rimarchevole presenza di giade ed eclogiti alpine nella litologia di lame d’ascia nell’Europa occidentale (spesso in forma di oggetti di status symbol e asce cerimoniali) e, in minor misura, centrale mette in evidenza una rilevante esportazione su lunga distanza di materiali HPmetaofiolitici dall’Italia di NW verso la Francia, la Germania, Il Benelux, la Gran Bretagna ecc. fino a 1000-1500 km dalle aree di provenienza. La conoscenza petrografica non ancora sistematica delle lame d’ascia modellate in HP-metaofioliti in Europa, come pure nella penisola italiana, permette per ora solo un confronto preliminare con i meglio conosciuti manufatti nord-italiani.

http://tetide.geo.uniroma1.it/riviste/permin/testi/V73/33.pdf

Eclogites, jades and other HP-metaophiolites employed for prehistoric polished stone implements in Italy and Europe

Abstract The paper illustrates the results of an archaeometric project on the raw material characterization of some collections of prehistoric polished stone tools, dated from the Early Neolithic to the Bronze Age, from sites located in Northern Italy. The petrographic analyses (surface and thin-section microscopy, X-ray powder diffraction, scanning electron microscopy-energy-dispersive spectrometry, X-ray fluorescence, atomic absorption spectrometry) revealed a raw material circulation network involving the whole of Northern Italy. Here occur the outcrops of high-pressure (HP) meta-ophiolites, which were widely utilized from the Early Neolithic onwards for the manufacture of polished cutting-edged tools, which are represented by axes, adzes and chisels. Other raw materials, such as serpentinites, seem to have been preferred for the production of other types of artefacts, including stone rings used as bracelets. The analyses revealed that the prehistoric polished stone artefacts were made from uncommon lithologies such as Alpine eclogites, jades and other HP meta-ophiolites. These rocks were exploited from primary and secondary sources, mainly located in Piedmont, the Aosta Valley and Liguria. During the Neolithic these lithologies are the dominant raw material for the polished stone tools in Northern Italy and southeastern France. In the same period, in other European countries the same lithologies occur less frequently as axe or adze blades; in NW Europe they were frequently used for manufacturing long ceremonial axes, which have a typology that does not appear to belong to the Italian tradition.

Prehistoric polished stone artefacts in Italy: a petrographic and archaeological assessment

Petrology and geochemistry of late-Hercynian granites from the Western Central System of the Iberian Massif

L'industria litica di Briganano Frascata (AL): dati paleoeconomici di un insediamento del Neolitico Antico attraverso l'analisi tipologica, funzionale e lo studio della provenienza delle materie prime

Lo scopo del presente lavoro è la presentazione dei risultati del progetto di caratterizzazione archeometrica delle materie prime di alcune collezioni di manufatti in pietra levigata provenienti dai siti della Lombardia Orientale (Bresciano, Mantovano e Cremonese) e attribuiti a un periodo compreso fra il Neolitico Antico e l’antica età del Bronzo. Le analisi delle materie prime, condotte con metodologie petrografiche fra le quali l’osservazione al binoculare, l’analisi in sezione sottile, Diffrazione a Raggi X su polveri (XRPD), analisi geochimiche in XRF, AAS e microsonda, hanno rivelato l’esistenza, al centro della Pianura Padana, di un network di approvvigionamento di rocce che origina principalmente dall’arco alpino occidentale. Qui sono infatti noti affioramenti di metaofioliti d’alta pressione, ampiamente utilizzate a partire dal Neolitico Antico in poi, per la manifattura di lame d’ascia, accetta, e scalpelli. Altri litotipi, come la serpentinite, sembrano essere stati preferiti per la produzione di altre tipologie di manufatti, come gli anelloni. Il lavoro offre anche l’occasione di presentare dati inediti riguardanti alcune delle località da cui provengono le collezioni dei manufatti studiati, tra cui nuove datazione radiocarboniche, che contribuiscono alla ricostruzione del quadro cronologico e culturale del Neolitico Padano.

/pdf/strumenti-in-pietra-levigata-dalla-lombardia-orientale-1w5egl36uo.pdf

Strumenti in pietra levigata dalla Lombardia Orientale: aspetti archeometrici e culturali

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