Phylogenetic relationships in Maloideae (Rosaceae): evidence from sequences of the internal transcribed spacers of nuclear ribosomal DNA and its congruence with morphology

Chaenomeles (family Rosaceae) is a genus of five diploid species of deciduous spiny shrubs that are native to Central Asia and Japan. It is an important horticultural crop (commonly known as flowering quinces) in Europe and Asia for its high yield in fruits that are rich in juice, aroma, and dietary fiber. Therefore, the development of effective genetic markers of Chaenomeles species is advantageous for crop improvement through breeding and selection. In this study, we successfully assembled and analyzed the chloroplast genome of five Chaenomeles species. The chloroplast genomes of the five Chaenomeles species were very similar with no structural or content rearrangements among them. The chloroplast genomes ranged from 159,436 to 160,040 bp in length and contained a total of 112 unique genes, including 78 protein-coding genes, 30 tRNAs, and 4 rRNAs. Three highly variable regions, including trnR-atpA, trnL-F, and rpl32-ccsA, were identified. Phylogenetic analysis based on the complete chloroplast genome showed that Chaenomeles forms a monophyletic clade and had a close relationship with the genera Docynia and Malus. Analyses for phylogenetic relationships and the development of available genetic markers in future could provide valuable information regarding genetics and breeding mechanisms of the Chaenomeles species.

/pdf/evolutionary-and-phylogenetic-aspects-of-the-chloroplast-1vq85pe351.pdf

Evolutionary and phylogenetic aspects of the chloroplast genome of Chaenomeles species.

INTRODUCTION A number of plant species, that have only rarely been cultivated in the past, are now being investigated for possible domestication in northern Europe. Species within the Rosaceous genus Chaenomeles (also referred to as the common name of these species) have received increased attention because of their high yield of fruits, which are rich in juice, aroma, and dietary fiber, and because of their presumed potential for cultivation with organic production methods. In the Baltic region, development of Japanese quince (C. japonica) started in Latvia 1951. In 1993, the interest for growing Japanese quince reached a peak. Plantations in Latvia and Lithuania at that time comprised more than 400 ha. However, the seed propagated plants were very variable in several traits, including important fruit characters. This heterogeneity made field management difficult, cultivation less profitable and prevented the development of high quality products. At the same time the shift in economical system in the independent Baltic countries contributed to a strong competition on the market from import of exotic juice concentrates. Consequently the interest in growing Japanese quince dropped drastically. The need for improved plant material became obvious and a joint LatvianLithuanian-Swedish plant breeding program was therefore initiated. In this paper, the genus Chaenomeles is introduced, and its potential and utilization as a fruit crop is reviewed.

/pdf/chaenomeles-a-potential-new-fruit-crop-for-northern-europe-46tt3upks6.pdf

Chaenomeles: a potential new fruit crop for Northern Europe.

Background The genus Chaenomeles Lindley (Chaenomeles), known as Mugua (in Chinese), is a medicinal and edible plant that is considered a functional source for human health promoting. Numerous bio-, chemical- and physical technologies have been applied to explore the relationship between the phytochemistry of Chaenomeles and their bioactivities, opening the door to their potential application in the field of function food and traditional Chinese medicine. Scope and approach This paper aimed to systematically summarize available information on Chaenomeles and provide reference for further investigations. The extracted and isolated chemical constituents (e.g., triterpenoids, sesquiterpenoids, flavonoids, organic acids, phenolic compounds, volatile oil and fatty acids) from five species of Chaenomeles were mainly summarized. This review highlights the theoretical aspects and recent developments of nonconventional extraction (microwave, ultrasound and enzyme-assisted extraction, super- and subcritical fluid extraction and solid phase extraction) technologies for bioactive compounds recovery from Chaenomeles. Additionally, scientific reports on crude extracts or pure compounds from this plant revealed broad bioactivities, including antioxidant, antimicrobial, antiinflammatory activities, as well as immunoregulatory and hepatoprotective effects. Key findings and conclusions Approximately 150 chemicals have been characterized from different parts of Chaenomeles. Triterpenoids, flavonoids and phenolic compounds are the major bioactive ingredients of this plant. Additionally, the crude extracts and monomer compounds have been demonstrated with various in vitro and in vivo pharmacological functions. Nonconventional extraction technologies have been proposed to provide efficient, systematic, and practical protocols for the sustainable valorization of Chaenomeles.

Recent advances in valorization of Chaenomeles fruit: A review of botanical profile, phytochemistry, advanced extraction technologies and bioactivities

Fire blight, caused by the bacterium Erwinia amylovora (Burrill) Winslow et al., is one of the most destructive diseases of plants in the Rosaceae subfamily Maloideae. Artifi cial inoculations, using E. amylovora strain E2002a, were conducted to determine levels of resistance to fi re blight among taxa of fl owering pears (Pyrus L. spp.) and quince (Chaenomeles Lindl. spp.). The level of resistance was measured as the length of the fi re blight lesion as a percentage of overall shoot length. Considerable variation in resistance was observed among both pears and quince. Pyrus ussuriensis Maxim. 'Prairie Gem' was highly resistant with a lesion length of 1% of the total shoot length. Pyrus calleryana Decne. 'Bradford' was intermediate with a 50% lesion length while P. calleryana 'Chan- ticleer' was signifi cantly more resistant with a lesion length of 31%. Nine pear taxa were highly susceptible and did not differ signifi cantly from 100% disease severity (total shoot death). Chaenomeles speciosa (Sweet) Nak. 'Contorta' was highly resistant with a lesion length of 15%. Six quince taxa, including C. x superba (Frahm) Rehd. 'Cameo', 'Texas Scarlet', and 'Jet Trail' were highly susceptible while nine other taxa showed intermedi- ate resistance.

/pdf/resistance-to-fire-blight-among-flowering-pears-and-quince-4y7h45pawe.pdf

Resistance to fire blight among flowering pears and quince

The genus Chaenomeles (Rosaceae)

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The genus Chaenomeles (Rosaceae)