While the retrieval of existing designs to prevent unnecessary duplication of parts is a recognised strategy in the control of design costs the available techniques to achieve this, even in product data management systems, are limited in performance or require large resources A novel system has been developed based on a new version of an existing coding system (CAMAC) that allows automatic coding of engineering drawings and their subsequent retrieval using a drawing of the desired component as the input The ability to find designs using a detail drawing rather than textual descriptions is a significant achievement in itself Previous testing of the system has demonstrated this capability but if a means could be found to find parts from a simple sketch then its practical application would be much more effective This paper describes the development and testing of such a search capability using a database of over 3000 engineering components

Retrieving designs from a sketch using an automated GT coding and classification system

The profitable prospective of optimizing a new product design with re using technical knowledge of already manufactured products has exceedingly attracted interests of manufacturers as well as designers. Re-using accumulated know-how has the potential to improve product quality, shorten the design lead-time and reduce costs. One of the key factors for the reliable accessibility of reusing the accumulated knowledge refers to classification of the entire CAD/CAM product data in a repository. In addition, to present various products, a standard data format is required. Among the main methods for classification and standardization of geometrical and topological information of a 3D model, Group Technology is one of the most important methods which contain additional information beside the geometry of a product. Based on Opitz code one of the Group Technology’s approaches, this paper proposes a novel method for design decisions using a classified database. Moreover the state-of-the-art of classification...

Beyond Similarity Comparison: Intelligent Data Retrieval for CAD/CAM Designs

Coding and classification (C&C) has often been employed as a means of realizing the many benefits of variety reduction and control. While these benefits are difficult to quantify financially the substantial set-up and maintenance costs of C&C are readily apparent and are often the reason the approach is rejected or abandoned. Automating the coding process has the potential to significantly lower these costs and improve the performance of the system. The coding requirements for design retrieval are different to Group Technology family formation and make automated coding a practical proposition. The viability of the approach is established by the description of the performance of a prototype system (CAMAC) that can use the sketch of a part to search a database of 2D drawings. The system is focused on 2D drawings rather than 3D models as the potential utility of such an application is much greater owing to the large number of legacy 2D drawings that exist in many companies. A number of practical issues complicate the implementation of any viable system and, while application of strict conventions for new CAD drawings would avoid many problems, it would not eliminate all of them. Legacy drawings that fail to adhere to appropriate conventions will have to be coded otherwise the significant benefits of design reuse will take an excessive time to materialize. Automated coding of paper drawings is also a potentially important application. The paper discusses these issues and describes how current development efforts are focused on delivering a practicable system.

Development issues for a practical design retrieval system based on automatic coding

Automatic setup planning has been an active area of research for a long time Traditional approaches of setup planning have been using decision tree, decision table, group technology, algorithms and graphs A number of experts systems also have been developed for setup planning Expert systems follow forward chaining or backward chaining The forward chaining supports data-driven reasoning; whilst the backward chaining supports goal-driven strategy A number of soft computing tools have also been used in setup planning Prominent among them are fuzzy set, neural networks and evolutionary optimization Fuzzy set theory takes care of uncertainty and imprecision in the information Artificial neural network can learn from the experience Evolutionary optimization techniques help to provide optimum or near optimum solution The goal may minimize the number of setups, manufacturing cost or resource consumption The popular evolutionary optimization methods are genetic algorithms, particle swarm optimization and ant colony optimization Nowadays cloud computing is also finding its application in setup planning

Methods for Solving Setup Planning Problems

In this chapter a brief introduction to process planning and setup planning in machining is described. Computer aided process planning/setup planning, its various approaches and main constraints are discussed. Some important concepts in relation to process planning and setup planning, viz. features and their tool approach directions, idea of datum, part dimensions and tolerances are presented. A brief discussion about flexibility in setup planning and data exchange formats is also included. Differences in setup planning for prismatic as well as rotational parts and setup planning for green machining are presented briefly.

Process Planning in Machining

PROCODE—automated coding system in group technology for rotational parts

Throughout manufacturing history, management has searched for tools to help it set product prices accurately. Traditionally, manufacturing managers have analysed efficiency by cost makeup with the basic elements: materials, labour, overheads. Overhead costs are allocated to units of production based on a theorical correlation with labour costs. With automation, direct labour has come to be only 1 to 20% of the total manufactured costs of products. The CIM infrastructure must incorporate a wide range of management facilities. It is now time to focus on an integrative approach which embraces design, planning, process and product costing. With the direct value approach we describe a concept which gives pertinent information to adapt strategy speedily for a better profitability. In addition an economic weighting coefficient for the analysis of job contribution in the creation of added value, it is possible to control product pricing. In this way, economic information can be an element of the product and process database and thus build up an operational decision support system by means of sharing common information.

Direct value added and economic weight factors in economic analysis of CIM

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PROCODE—automated coding system in group technology for rotational parts

Direct value added and economic weight factors in economic analysis of CIM