So far in this course we have dealt entirely with the evolution of characters that are controlled by simple Mendelian inheritance at a single locus. There are notes on the course website about gametic disequilibrium and how allele frequencies change at two loci simultaneously, but we didn’t discuss them. In every example we’ve considered we’ve imagined that we could understand something about evolution by examining the evolution of a single gene. That’s the domain of classical population genetics. For the next few weeks we’re going to be exploring a field that’s actually older than classical population genetics, although the approach we’ll be taking to it involves the use of population genetic machinery. If you know a little about the history of evolutionary biology, you may know that after the rediscovery of Mendel’s work in 1900 there was a heated debate between the “biometricians” (e.g., Galton and Pearson) and the “Mendelians” (e.g., de Vries, Correns, Bateson, and Morgan). Biometricians asserted that the really important variation in evolution didn’t follow Mendelian rules. Height, weight, skin color, and similar traits seemed to

Human biochemical genetics

Pediatric obesity results from a daily energy imbalance between intake and expenditure, an imbalance potentially as slight as ~30-50 kcal/day (e.g., a few extra sips of cola or bites of a cookie). That an 'energy gap' so small may be so powerful suggests the importance of understanding mechanisms of food intake self-regulation (FISR). This review focuses on 4 behavioral indices of FISR in childhood: (1) eating in the absence of hunger; (2) eating rate; (3) caloric compensation and satiety responsiveness, and (4) food responsiveness. Evidence from pediatric samples around the world indicates that these traits are associated with body mass index, are heritable, and are linked to polymorphisms in the FTO gene. We review these data, also discussing their relevance to practical issues of parental feeding styles, portion sizes, and health literacy and numeracy. Research gaps and opportunities for future investigation are discussed. Multidisciplinary approaches and study designs that can address gene-environment interactions are needed to advance the science of FISR and stimulate new avenues for childhood obesity prevention.

/pdf/genetics-of-food-intake-self-regulation-in-childhood-1x2jch5a4a.pdf

Genetics of Food Intake Self-Regulation in Childhood: Literature Review and Research Opportunities

https://science.sciencemag.org/content/sci/5/110/206.full.pdf

The american psychological association.

https://www.thelancet.com/pdfs/journals/lancet/PIIS0140-6736(12)60735-1.pdf

Correlates of physical activity: why are some people physically active and others not?

Physical inactivity is an important contributor to non-communicable diseases in countries of high income, and increasingly so in those of low and middle income. Understanding why people are physically active or inactive contributes to evidence-based planning of public health interventions, because eff ective programmes will target factors known to cause inactivity. Research into correlates (factors associated with activity) or determinants (those with a causal relationship) has burgeoned in the past two decades, but has mostly focused on individual-level factors in high-income countries. It has shown that age, sex, health status, self-effi cacy, and motivation are associated with physical activity. Ecological models take a broad view of health behaviour causation, with the social and physical environment included as contributors to physical inactivity, particularly those outside the health sector, such as urban planning, transportation systems, and parks and trails. New areas of determinants research have identifi ed genetic factors contributing to the propensity to be physically active, and evolutionary factors and obesity that might predispose to inactivity, and have explored the longitudinal tracking of physical activity throughout life. An understanding of correlates and determinants, especially in countries of low and middle income, could reduce the eff ect of future epidemics of inactivity and contribute to eff ective global prevention of non-communicable diseases.

Physical Activity 2 Correlates of physical activity: why are some people physically active and others not?

Background In the face of high rates of mood disorders and an overconsumption of sugar, intake of sweet food, beverages and added sugars has been linked with depressive symptoms in several populations. It remains unclear if this association is causal or due to reverse causation (the influence of mood on sugar intake). Our study aimed to investigate systematically cross-sectional and prospective associations between sugar intake from sweet food/beverages, common mental disorder (CMD) and depression, and to examine the role of reverse causation as potential explanation for the observed linkage. Methods We analysed repeated measures (23 245 person-observations) from the Whitehall II cohort study. The study recruited non-industrial civil servants from 1985 to 1988. The most recent data used in this analysis was collected in 2013. CMD was measured with the 30-item General Health Questionnaire and depression with the 20-item Centre for Epidemiologic Studies Depression scale. Sugar intake from sweet food/beverages was assessed using food frequency questionnaires. Prospective analyses included 2, 5 and 10 year follow-up periods. We modelled associations using random effects regression using Stata 14. Results Cross-sectional analyses showed positive associations. In prospective analyses we found a positive association of sugar intake from sweet food/beverages with incident CMD in men and with recurrent depression in women. Men in the highest tertile of intake had a 24% increased odds of incident CMD after 5 years (95% CI: 1.02, 1.48) independent of health behaviours, socio-demographic and diet-related factors, adiposity and other diseases (fully adjusted model). Women had a 36% increased odds for recurrent depression per 30 g increment (95% CI: 1.03, 1.80) in fully adjusted models, associations using tertiles of sugar intake from sweet food/beverages were similar but not statistically significant when adjusted for diet-related factors. Notably, neither CMD nor depression predicted changes in sugar intake from sweet food/beverages. Conclusion Our findings using repeated measures follow-up data over 22 years suggest an adverse effect of sugar intake from sweet food/beverages on long-term psychological health. These results add further support for public health interventions which promote reduced sugar intake to improve overall health.

https://jech.bmj.com/content/jech/71/Suppl_1/A24.1.full.pdf

OP47 Relationships between sugar intake from sweet food and beverages, common mental disorder and depression: prospective findings from the whitehall ii cohort study

Validation of the baby eating behaviour questionnaire in a Chilean population

Eating rate is a heritable phenotype related to weight status in children

Appetite and food intake patterns in children

Shorter sleep is associated with higher energy intake in infants

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